Table 1.
Biosynthetic and metabolic engineering approaches to produce amorpha-4,11-diene
| Construction | Organism | Amorphadiene | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Engineering codon-optimized ADS and mevalonate pathway from S. cerevisiae in E. coli | E. coli | 24 mg/L | Martin et al. (2003) |
| Enhancing production of rate-limiting enzymes MK and ADS | E. coli | 300 mg/L | Anthony et al. (2009) |
| Introducing more active HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase | E. coli | 27.4 g/L | Tsuruta et al. (2009) |
| Enhancing production of rate-limiting enzymes MK and PMK | E. coli | 500 mg/L | Redding-Johanson et al. (2011) |
| Introducing more active HMG-CoA reductase | E. coli | 700 mg/L | Ma et al. (2011) |
| Engineering efflux pumps | E. coli | 363 mg/L | Wang et al. (2013) |
| Deleting PTS | E. coli | 182 mg/L | Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Engineering PTS and GGS | E. coli | 201 mg/L | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Efflux transporter engineering | E. coli | 150 mg/L | Zhang et al. (2016) |
| Systematically optimizing transcription and translation in E. coli | E. coli | 30 g/L | Shukal et al. (2019) |
| Plasmid integration of ADS into yeast | S. cerevisiae | 0.6 mg/L | Lindahl et al. (2006) |
| Inserting ADS into yeast genome | S. cerevisiae | 0.1 mg/L | Lindahl et al. (2006) |
| Overexpressing tHMGR, ERG20, and upc2-1, and downregulating ERG9 | S. cerevisiae | 153 mg/L | Ro et al. (2006) |
| Increasing copy number of ADS in yeast | S. cerevisiae | 781 mg/L | Ro et al. (2008) |
| Engineering codon-optimized ADS in S. cerevisiae | S. cerevisiae | 123 mg/L | Kong et al. (2009) |
| Integrating HMG1, FDPS, and ADS into yeast mitochondria | S. cerevisiae | 20 mg/L | Farhi et al. (2011a) |
| Overexpressing every enzyme of MVA pathway | S. cerevisiae | 41 g/L | Westfall et al. (2012) |
| Downregulating ERG9 and fusing ADS with FPPS | S. cerevisiae | 25 mg/L | Baadhe et al. (2013) |
| Combinatorial genome integration of MVA pathway genes in yeast | S. cerevisiae | 64 mg/L | Yuan and Ching (2014) |
| Knockout genes outside isoprenoid pathway but improving isoprenoid fluxes | S. cerevisiae | 54.5 mg/L | Sun et al. (2014) |
| Dynamic control of the expression of ERG9 | S. cerevisiae | 350 mg/L | Yuan and Ching (2015a) |
| Assembling MVA pathway genes into yeast chromosomes and reducing ERG9 expression | S. cerevisiae | 500 mg/L | Yuan and Ching (2015b) |
| Integrating MVA pathway genes and ADS into yeast mitochondria | S. cerevisiae | 427 mg/L | Yuan and Ching (2016) |
| Expressing ADS in N. tabacum | N. tabacum | 1.7 ng/g FW | Wallaart et al. (2001) |
| Targeting FPS and ADS in plastids | N. tabacum | 25 μg/g FW | Wu et al. (2006) |
| Introducing tHMGR, FPS, and ADS into N. benthamiana | N. benthamiana | 6.2 μg/g FW | Van Herpen et al. (2010) |
| Targeting FPS and ADS in plastids | N. tabacum | 4 μg/g FW | Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Introducing tHMGR from yeast and ADS, CPR, CYP71AV1, and DBR2 into N. tabacum | N. tabacum | 827 ng/g FW | Farhi et al. (2011b) |
| Introducing whole artemisinin pathway genes into N. tabacum chloroplasts | N. tabacum | Fuentes et al. (2016) | |
| Engineering MVA and artemisinin pathway genes in N. tabacum chloroplasts, nuclei, and mitochondria | N. tabacum | 60 μg/g DW | Malhotra et al. (2016) |
| Engineering ADS in P. patens | Physcomitrella patens | 200 mg/L | Ikram et al. (2017) |
| Engineering dxs, idi, and ADS in B. subtilis | B. subtilis | 20 mg/L | Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Chromosomally integrated GFP-ADS, FPPS, and a plasmid-encoded synthetic operon carrying MEP pathway genes | B. subtilis | 416 mg/L | Pramastya et al. (2020) |
| Engineering MEP pathway genes and ADS in cyanobacteria | Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 | 19.8 mg/L | Choi et al. (2016) |
| Engineering codon-optimized ADS in S. avermitilis | S. avermitilis | 30 μg/L | Komatsu et al. (2010) |
| Engineering ADS in R. sphaeroides | R. sphaeroides | 56.4 mg/L | Orsi et al. (2020) |