Table 2.
Grass plants with established genome editing and application
| Speciesa | Targeted mutagenesis toolkits | Target gene(s) | Traits/phenotypes | Delivery methods | Editing efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice | ZFNs | SSIVa | Low starch and dwarf | Agrobacterium | Jung et al. (2018) | |
| TALEN | OsSWEET11 &14 | Resistance to bacterial blight | Agrobacterium | T1: 48–63% | Li et al. (2012) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsBADH2 OsMPK2 OsPDS |
Albino and dwarf phenotype | Biolistic | 7.1%; 9.4% | Shan et al. (2013b) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | OsSWEET11 &14 | Resistance to bacterial blight | Rice protoplasts | Jiang et al. (2013) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsCAO1 OsLAZY1 |
Pale green leaf phenotype; tiller-spreading phenotype | Agrobacterium | T1: 83.3–91.6% | Miao et al. (2013) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsROC5 OsSPP OsYSA |
YSA target showing albino leaf phenotype | Agrobacterium |
T1: 26% 84% 5% |
Feng et al. (2013) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | OsMPK5 | Rice protoplasts | 3–8% | Xie and Yang (2013) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | OsMYB1 | Agrobacterium | 50% | Mao et al. (2013) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsSWEET1a OsSWEET1b OsSWEET11 OsSWEET13 |
Agrobacterium | 87–100% | Zhou et al. (2014) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsDMC1A OsDMC1B OsCDK |
Agrobacterium | Mikami et al. (2016) | |||
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsNAL1 OsLPA1 OsLG1 OsGL1-1 |
Narrow leave, increased tiller angle, loss of specialized organs (laminar joint, auricle and ligule) and disrupted formation of leaf cuticular wax | Agrobacterium | 2.1–23.4% | Hu et al. (2016) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA |
OsDL OsCYP72A33 OsCYP72A32 OsVIP1 OsVIP1-like |
Drooping leaves | Agrobacterium | Kaya et al. (2016) | ||
| Cas12a | OsPDS, OsBEL | Albino phenotype | Agrobacterium | T0: 13.6–21.4%; 20–41.2% | Xu et al. (2017) | |
| Cas12a | OsNAL1, OsLG1 | Agrobacterium | 5–12.1% | Hu et al. (2017) | ||
| Cas12a |
OsPDS OsDEP1 OsROC5 |
Albino phenotype; curly leaves | Agrobacterium | 93.8–100% | Tang et al. (2017) | |
| xCas9 | MONOCULM1 (MOC1), DWARF14 (D14) and PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) | Agrobacterium | 2.08–29.17% | Wang et al. (2019) | ||
| xCas9 |
OsGS3 OsDEP1 |
Agrobacterium | 6.7–21.1% | Zhong et al. (2019) | ||
| Cas9-NG |
OsDEP1 OsPDS |
Agrobacterium | 3.5–56.3% | Zhong et al. (2019) | ||
| Brachypodium | TALENs |
BdABA1, BdCKX2, BdSMC6, BdSPL, BdSBP, BdCOI1, BdRHT, BdHTA1 |
Agrobacterium | Shan et al. (2013a) | ||
| Maize | I-CREI homing endonuclease | LIGULELESS1 (LG1) | Agrobacterium | 3% | Gao et al. (2010) | |
| ZFNs | IPK1 | Plasmid DNA delivery | Shukla et al. (2009) | |||
| TALENs | Gl2 | Agrobacterium | 10% | Char et al. (2015) | ||
|
TALEN & Cas9/sgRNA |
ZmPDS, ZmIPK1A, ZmIPK, ZmMRP4 | Enzyme in the phytic acid biosynthetic pathway | Agrobacterium | 13.3–39.1% in plants | Liang et al. (2014) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | ZmHKT1 | Agrobacterium | 100% | Xing et al. (2014) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA |
LIG, ALS2, MS26, MS45 |
ALS2: resistance to chlorsulfuron, MS45: male sterile | Biolistic | 2.4–9.7% | Svitashev et al. (2016) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | Zmzb7 | Albino, leave chlorosis | Agrobacterium | 19–31%. | Feng et al. (2016) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | phytoene synthase gene (PSY1) | Albino phenotype | Agrobacterium | 65.80%–86.87% | Zhu et al. (2016) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA |
ZmAgo18A, ZmAgo18B A1, A4 |
Agrobacterium | 70% | Char et al. (2017) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | LIGULELESS1 (LG1) | Smaller leaf angles | Agrobacterium | 51.5%–91.2% | Li et al. (2017a) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | ARGOS8 | Improved grain yield under drought conditions | Biolistic | Shi et al. (2017) | ||
|
Cas9/sgRNA & Cas12a |
Gl2 | Glossy leave | Agrobacterium |
90–100% in the Cas9 0–60% in Cas12a |
Lee et al. (2019) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | MS8 | Male sterile | Agrobacterium | Chen et al. (2018) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | Zmzb7 | Albino, chlorosis | Agrobacterium | 66% | Feng et al. (2018) | |
| Wheat | TALENs | TaMLO | Resistance to powdery mildew | Biolistic | 3.4–6.0% | Wang et al. (2014) |
| Cas9/sgRNA | TaMLO | Resistance to powdery mildew | Biolistic | 5.6% | Wang et al. (2014) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA |
TaGASR7 TaGW2 TaDEP1 TaNAC2 TaPIN1 TaLOX2 |
TaGASR7: control grain length and weight; TaDEP1: dwarf phenotype |
TECCDNA IVTs |
1–9.5% | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | α-Gliadin | Low-gluten | Biolistic | 62.3–75.1% | Sanchez-Leon et al. (2018) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | phytoene desaturase (PDS) | Chimeric photobleaching phenotype | Agrobacterium | 11–17% | Howells et al. (2018) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | TaGW2, TaLpx-1, and TaMLO | TaGW2: increase in seed size and grain weight | Particle bombardment | Wang et al. (2018) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | TaGASR7 | Particle bombardment | 5.2% | Hamada et al. (2018) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | TaCKX2-1, TaGLW7, TaGW2, and TaGW8, | Increased grain number per spikelet | Agrobacterium | 10% | Zhang et al. (2019b) | |
| Sorghum | Cas9/sgRNA | Reporter gene encoding for red fluorescence | Agrobacterium | Jiang et al. (2013) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | SbCENH3 | Potential lethality | Agrobacterium | Che et al. (2018) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | klC | Increases in digestibility and protein quality | Agrobacterium | 96% | Li et al. (2018a) | |
| Cas9/sgRNA | cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD) & phytoene desaturase(PDS) | Biolistic | Liu et al. (2019) | |||
| Barley | TALENs | HvPAPhy_a | Agrobacterium | Wendt et al. (2013) | ||
| Cas9/sgRNA | HvPM19 | Agrobacterium | 10%–23% | Lawrenson et al. (2015) | ||
| Switchgrass | Cas9/sgRNA | tb1a, tb1b, PGM | tb1a: tb1b: increased tiller production | Agrobacterium |
95.5% 11% 13.7% |
Liu et al. (2018) |
aOnly selected publications were listed