Table 2.
MANOVA and χ2 Analysis Results of Students’ Chronotypes and Time Spent in front of Electronic Devices; PSQI, ESS, and SSI Mean Scores; and Number of Devices in the Bedroom
| Variable | Chronotypes | Mean (SD) (hours/day) | F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall MEDs use | TypeM (n = 120) | 7.32 (4.36) | 23.40 | < 0.001a | |
| TypeI (n = 533) | 9.44 (4.54) | ||||
| TypeE (n = 99) | 11.04 (5.21) | ||||
| TypeM (n = 120) | 1.16 (1.92) | ||||
| Overall non-MED use | TypeI (n = 533) | 1.80 (2.27) | 7.85 | < 0.001b | |
| TypeE (n = 99) | 1.12 (1.77) | ||||
| MANOVA Pillai’s Trace = 0.078, F = 15.20, P < 0.001 | |||||
| ESS | TypeM (n = 120) | 5.60 (3.54) | 8.53 | < 0.001a | |
| TypeI (n = 533) | 7.04 (3.88) | ||||
| TypeE (n = 99) | 7.51 (3.83) | ||||
| SSI | TypeM (n = 120) | 7.11 (4.77) | 20.77 | < 0.001c | |
| TypeI (n = 533) | 9.10 (4.95) | ||||
| TypeE (n = 99) | 11.46 (5.37) | ||||
| TypeM (n = 120) | 8.65 (3.15) | ||||
| PSQI | TypeI (n = 533) | 9.72 (3.92) | 13.94 | < 0.001c | |
| TypeE (n = 99) | 11.36 (3.88) | ||||
| MANOVA Pillai’s Trace = 0.071, F = 9.18, P < 0.001 | |||||
| Chronotypes | |||||
| Variable | Type M | Type I | Type E | Total | P (χ2) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Number of TV and desktop computer available in bedroomd | |||||
| 0 | 104 (86.7) | 441 (82.7) | 90 (90.9) | 635 (84.4) | 0.147 |
| 1 | 13 (10.8) | 84 (15.8) | 9 (9.1) | 106 (14.1) | |
| 2 | 3 (2.5) | 8 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 11 (1.5) | |
| Number of MEDs available in bedroomd | |||||
| 0 | 0 (0) | 10 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 10 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 61 (50.8) | 176 (33) | 27 (27.3) | 264 (35.1) | |
| 2 | 39 (32.5) | 269 (50.5) | 49 (49.5) | 357 (47.5) | |
| 3 | 20 (16.7) | 78 (14.6) | 23 (23.2) | 121 (16.1) | |
| Total | 120 (100) | 533 (100) | 99 (100) | 752 (100) | |
Abbreviations: MANOVA, multivariate analysis of variance; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleep Scale; SSI, Sleepiness Severity Index; MED, mobile electronic device; ANOVA, analysis of variance; TV, television; I, intermediary chronotype; E, evening chronotype; M, morning chronotype; SD, standard deviation.
difference between Groups 1 and 2 and 1 and 3.
difference between Groups 1 and 2 and 2 and 3.
difference between Groups 1 and 2, 1 and 3, and 2 and 3.
The number of devices in the bedroom reported by the students was found by summing up. Type M (Group 1), Type I (Group 2), and Type E (Group 3) are described.