Table 1.
Estimated Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) of CMV IgG Seroprevalence in U.S. Children 1–5 Years of Age in Multivariable Logistic Regression Models, Overall and by Subgroups
| Strata | Breastfed < 6m | Breastfed ≥ 6m | 2017–2018 compared to 2011–2012 (ref) | Age 2–3 years | Age 4–5 years | ≥1 other children <5 years in household compared to none | Complete HS/GED and above compared to less than HS | At or above compared to below poverty level | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compared to never breastfed | Compared to age 1 year | Compared to non-Hispanic White | ||||||||
| Overall n=1306 | 1.4* (1.0–2.0)^ | 2.7 (1.6–4.8) | 1.6 (0.9–2.6) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 1.4(1.0–2.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) |
| 0.077~ | 0.001 | 0.081 | 0.268 | 0.030 | 0.043 | 0.009 | 0.433 | 0.114 | 0.000 | |
| Below poverty level n=469 | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 3.2 (1.4–7.2) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 2.6 (1.3–5.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 2.6 (1.3–5.4) | |
| 0.128 | 0.007 | 0.573 | 0.805 | 0.008 | 0.157 | 0.002 | 0.269 | 0.010 | ||
| At or above poverty level n=730 | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 2.6 (1.3–5.4) | 2.2 (1.2–4.1) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 1.3 (0.7–2.8) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.1 (0.6– 2.0) | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 1.7 (1.0–2.6) | |
| 0.250 | 0.012 | 0.018 | 0.499 | 0.412 | 0.040 | 0.725 | 0.129 | 0.036 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White n=353 | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 2.3 (1.0–5.1) | 3.3 (1.3–8.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 1.3 (0.4–3.6) | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 0.6(0.2–1.5) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | ||
| 0.807 | 0.054 | 0.017 | 0.726 | 0.664 | 0.070 | 0.252 | 0.852 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black n=366 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 2.6 (1.1–5.9) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 1.9 (0.8–4.7) | 2.6 (1.2–5.5) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 1.3 (0.6– 2.9) | ||
| 0.832 | 0.028 | 0.058 | 0.164 | 0.016 | 0.211 | 0.071 | 0.543 | |||
| Hispanic n=387 | 2.0 (1.1–3.5) | 4.5 (1.8–11.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.5 0.7–3.2) | 1.6(0.8–3.1) | 1.8 (0.9–3.6) | 0.6(0.3–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | ||
| 0.022 | 0.003 | 0.724 | 0.339 | 0.148 | 0.121 | 0.030 | 0.054 | |||
| Age 1 year n=235 | 5.1(1.7–15.3) | 7.8(1.8–33.3) | 2.9(1.4–6.1) | 1.9(0.9–4.1) | 0.4(0.1–1.5) | 1.2(0.5–3.3) | 0.8(0.2–2.6) | 1.7 (0.5–5.7) | ||
| 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.101 | 0.160 | 0.680 | 0.654 | 0.377 | |||
| Age 2–3 years n=568 | 0.9(0.4–2.2) | 2.2(0.9–5.6) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 1.4(0.8–2.4) | 0.5(0.3–0.9) | 1.3(0.8–2.2) | 1.7 (0.9–3.4) | 2.6(1.4–4.9) | ||
| 0.802 | 0.920 | 0.350 | 0.203 | 0.025 | 0.289 | 0.116 | 0.004 | |||
| Age 4–5 years n=503 | 1.5(0.7–3.3) | 2.7(1.3–5.8) | 1.5(0.7–3.0) | 1.5(0.7–3.3) | 0.5(0.3–1.0) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 1.6(0.7–3.6) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | ||
| 0.302 | 0.012 | 0.290 | 0.304 | 0.039 | 0.062 | 0.293 | 0.093 | |||
HS = high school, GED = general education development
Odds ratio from stratified adjusted model,
95% confidence interval for the odds ratio,
p-value
Data source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2012 and 2017–2018. The NHANES is a cross-sectional national survey designed to be representative of the United States civilian non-institutionalized population.
Adjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios and p-values for the beta terms from logistic regression models overall and stratified on poverty, race and Hispanic origin, and age and adjusted for the all remaining covariates (breastfeeding duration, survey cycle, number of children <5 years of age in the household, and education of the head of household).
Logistic regression models were examined using SUDDAAN software package (Version 10.0, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, N.C.). Logistic regression analysis incorporating the complex sample design and examination sample weights for both the 2011–2012 and 2017–2018 survey cycles from the NHANES. Overall and subgroup sample sizes are shown; actual sample size may be smaller due to non-response. Darker shaded area designates statistical significance of the beta term (p<0.05) from the stratified analyses.
Race and Hispanic origin were based on respondents’ self-report and classified as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian and all “other” non-Hispanics including those multi-racial. Estimates were not shown for non-Hispanic Asians or all “other” because sample size was too small.
Poverty level was categorized from a poverty index ratio (PIR) calculated by dividing the family income by a poverty threshold specific for family size, using the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ poverty guidelines and categorized as either below poverty (PIR<1) or at or above poverty (PIR >=1) [6].