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. 2022 Oct 10;13:991928. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991928

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Copyright © 2022 Tan, Sugata, Ono and Satou

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression pattern of several related genes during HTLV-1 persistence and leukemogenesis. After a long latency period, about 5% of HTLV-1-infected individuals develop ATL. Both Tax and HBZ are critical for leukemogenesis with the HBZ gene being constantly expressed while tax is transcribed in rare, short, self-limiting bursts. Infected cells exhibit increased expression of genes related to T-cell activation (CD25) as well as Treg (FOXP3). Subsequent accumulation of certain mutations during the lifetime of infected clone potentiates leukemic transformation which is accompanied by a loss of CD7 expression and an increase in CADM1 expression. Expression of CD25 and FOXP3, as well as HLA-II, is maintained throughout the latency phase as well as in ATL cells after malignant transformation.