Table I.
Studies exploring the expression and clinical significance of period genes in patients with CRC.
| Author, year | Gene | Expression in CRC | Observations | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mazzoccoli, 2011 | Per1 | Decreased | Low expression of Per1 may indicate a poor survival prognosis | (39) |
| Oshima, 2011 | Per1 | Decreased | Low expression of Per1 was associated with liver metastasis | (42) |
| Wu, 2016 | Per1 | Decreased | Low expression of Per1 was associated with unfavorable survival of patients with stage III/IV CRC, but with favorable OS of patients with stage II CRC | (43) |
| He, 2022 | Per1 | Decreased | Not specified | (37) |
| Karantanos, 2013 | Per1 | Decreased | Not specified | (38) |
| Orhan, 2019 | Per1 | Decreased | Not specified | (41) |
| Lu, 2015 | Per1 | No differences | Not specified | (46) |
| Nemeth, 2011 | Per1 | No differences | Not specified | (47) |
| Momma, 2017 | Per1 | Not mentioned | Positive Per1 staining was associated with larger tumor size. | (56) |
| Mostafaie, 2009 | Per1 | Not mentioned | Correlated decrease of Per1 and estrogen receptor-β in CRC | (40) |
| Krugluger, 2007 | Per1 | Not mentioned | Per1 decreased in undifferentiated tumors, while no difference was found in differentiated CRC | (45) |
| He, 2022 | Per2 | Not mentioned | High expression of Per2 was associated with immune cell infiltration and associated with unfavorable prognosis in colon adenocarcinoma | (37) |
| Karantanos, 2013 | Per2 | No differences | Not specified | (38) |
| Mostafaie, 2009 | Per2 | No differences | Not specified | (40) |
| Nemeth, 2011 | Per2 | No differences | Not specified | (47) |
| Mazzoccoli, 2011 | Per2 | Decreased | Not specified | (39) |
| Orhan, 2019 | Per2 | No differences | Not specified | (41) |
| Oshima, 2011 | Per2 | Not mentioned | High expression of Per2 associated with better outcomes | (42) |
| Krugluger, 2007 | Per2 | No differences | Not specified | (45) |
| Lu, 2015 | Per2 | Not mentioned | Per2 expression was higher in the pCR group than in the non-pCR group | (46) |
| Aroca-Siendones, 2021 | Per2 | Decreased | Low expression of Per2 was significantly associated with CRC metastasis | (49) |
| Hasakova, 2018/2019 | Per2 | Decreased | Low expression of Per2 was associated with better outcomes in male patients with CRC | (50,53) |
| Wang, 2011 | Per2 | Decreased | Not specified | (48) |
| Wang, 2016 | Per2 | Decreased | Not specified | (51) |
| Xiong, 2022 | Per2 | Decreased | Not specified | (52) |
| Momma, 2017 | Per2 | Not mentioned | Tumors with positive Per2 expression tended to exhibit a greater depth of invasion and were generally more advanced, and patients may have poorer OS | (56) |
| He, 2022 | Per3 | Decreased | Not specified | (37) |
| Karantanos, 2013 | Per3 | Decreased | Not specified | (38) |
| Mazzoccoli, 2011 | Per3 | Decreased | Lower expression of Per3 tended to be associated with poorer survival rates | (39) |
| Orhan, 2019 | Per3 | Decreased | Not specified | (41) |
| Oshima, 2011 | Per3 | Decreased | Not specified | (42) |
| Wang, 2012 | Per3 | Decreased | Incidence of death was higher in patients with Per3-negative CRC | (54) |
| Alexander, 2015 | Per3 | Not mentioned | Regarding Per3 gene length polymorphism, the 5-repeat Per3 VNTR sequence may increase the chance of colorectal adenoma formation | (55) |
CRC, colorectal cancer; Per1, period 1; OS, overall survival; pCR, pathological complete regression.