Table 3.

The effects of the chatbot application on oral health care perceptions based on protection motivation theory in Studies I and II.

Perceptionsa	Study I					Study II
	Pretest, mean (SD)	Posttest, mean (SD)	t test (df)b	P value	Pretest, mean (SD)		Posttest, mean (SD)	t test (df)b	P value
Perceived severity	0.47 (0.33)	0.79 (0.26)	4.94 (36)	<.001	0.73 (0.20)		0.86 (0.15)	4.03 (33)	<.001
Perceived vulnerability	0.46 (0.51)	0.78 (0.42)	3.15 (36)	.003	0.83 (0.24)		0.89 (0.19)	1.07 (33)	.29
Response efficacy	0.57 (0.24)	0.90 (0.18)	7.76 (36)	<.001	0.68 (0.14)		0.79 (0.16)	3.89 (33)	<.001
Self-efficacy	0.71 (0.24)	0.89 (0.18)	4.15 (36)	<.001	0.72 (0.15)		0.80 (0.15)	2.64 (33)	.01
Overall perceptions	0.58 (0.19)	0.86 (0.16)	7.67 (36)	<.001	0.74 (0.12)		0.83 (0.12)	4.36 (33)	<.001

^aThe scores were normalized to 1.

^bPaired t tests were used to compare the difference between pretest and posttest scores.