Table 4.

The effects of the chatbot application on knowledge in Studies I and II.

Knowledgea	Study I					Study II
	Pretest, mean (SD)	Posttest, mean (SD)	t test (df)b	P value	Pretest, mean (SD)		Posttest,mean (SD)	t test (df)b	P value
Appropriate time to start toothbrushing	0.22 (0.42)	0.86 (0.35)	7.33 (36)	.001	0.38 (0.49)		0.59 (0.50)	1.87 (33)	.07
Frequency of toothbrushing	0.78 (0.42)	0.80 (0.34)	1.00 (36)	.32	0.59 (0.31)		0.59 (0.34)	0.00 (33)	.99
Brushing method	0.80 (0.33)	1.00 (0)	3.83 (36)	.001	0.64 (0.17)		0.75 (0.17)	3.40 (33)	.002
Fluoride toothpaste	0.82 (0.27)	1.00 (0)	3.97 (36)	<.001	0.38 (0.49)		0.62 (0.49)	2.27 (33)	.03
Child behavior management	0.81 (0.29)	0.96 (0.14)	2.93 (36)	.006	0.69 (0.25)		0.72 (0.25)	1.00 (33)	.33
Overall knowledge	0.73 (0.21)	0.94 (0.09)	6.32 (36)	<.001	0.53 (0.26)		0.66 (0.23)	3.50 (33)	.001

^aThe scores were normalized to 1.

^bPaired t tests were used to compare the difference between pretest and posttest scores.