TABLE 1.
Overall demographics, clinical features and antibiotics usage (N = 1600 antimicrobial prescriptions).
| Variables |
Total
N = 1600 |
Inappropriate N = 787 | Appropriate N = 813 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Gender N = 1595 | Male | 912 (57.00%) | 426 (54.13%) | 486 (59.78%) | 0.024 |
| Female | 683 (42.69%) | 358 (45.49%) | 325 (39.98%) | ||
| Age N = 1600 | Median (IQR) | 69 (52-80) | 71 (56-85) | 65 (48-78) | <0.001 |
| McCabe Score N = 1399 | Nonfatal | 855 (53.44%) | 425 (54.00%) | 430 (52.89%) | 0.079 |
| Ultimately fatal | 454 (28.38%) | 248 (31.51%) | 206 (25.34%) | ||
| Rapidly fatal | 90 (5.63%) | 39 (4.96%) | 51 (6.27%) | ||
| Type of department N = 1600 | Emergency | 149 (9.31%) | 76 (9.66%) | 73 (8.98%) | <0.001 |
| Medical | 941 (58.81%) | 504 (64.04%) | 437 (53.75%) | ||
| Surgical | 302 (18.88%) | 160 (20.33%) | 142 (17.47%) | ||
| Intensive Care | 104 (6.50%) | 22 (2.80%) | 82 (10.09%) | ||
| Paediatrics | 104 (6.50%) | 25 (3.18%) | 79 (9.72%) | ||
| Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) N = 1564 | No | 830 (51.88%) | 422 (53.62%) | 408 (50.18%) | 0.083 |
| Yes | 734 (45.88%) | 341 (43.33%) | 393 (48.34%) | ||
| Sources (Site of infection) N = 1582 | Respiratory | 514 (32.13%) | 247 (31.39%) | 267 (32.84%) | <0.001 |
| Urinary | 260 (16.25%) | 137 (17.41%) | 123 (15.13%) | ||
| Intra-abdominal | 326 (20.38%) | 161 (20.46%) | 165 (20.30%) | ||
| Skin and soft-tissue infections and osteoarticular | 232 (14.50%) | 101 (12.83%) | 131 (16.11%) | ||
| Endovascular & catheter | 55 (3.44%) | 13 (1.65%) | 42 (5.17%) | ||
| Central Nervous System | 12 (0.75%) | 2 (0.25%) | 10 (1.23%) | ||
| Not identified | 115 (7.19%) | 66 (8.39%) | 49 (6.03%) | ||
| Others | 68 (4.25%) | 47 (5.97%) | 21 (2.58%) | ||
| Severity at presentation N = 1486 | No | 884 (55.25%) | 492 (62.52%) | 392 (48.22%) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis | 438 (27.38%) | 178 (22.62%) | 260 (31.98%) | ||
| Septic shock | 164 (10.25%) | 62 (7.88%) | 102 (12.55%) | ||
| Site of infection described N = 1600 | No | 400 (25.00%) | 236 (29.99%) | 164 (20.17%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1200 (75.00%) | 551 (70.01%) | 649 (79.83%) | ||
| Severity described N = 1551 | No | 578 (36.13%) | 315 (40.03%) | 263 (32.35%) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 973 (60.81%) | 446 (56.67%) | 527 (64.82%) | ||
| Samples taken N = 1600 | No | 657 (41.06%) | 408 (51.84%) | 249 (30.63%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 943 (58.94%) | 379 (48.16%) | 564 (69.37%) | ||
| Empirical treatment N = 1594 | No | 288 (18.00%) | 84 (10.67%) | 204 (25.09%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1312 (82.00%) | 703 (89.33%) | 609 (74.91%) | ||
| High impact antibiotics N = 1594 | No | 1459 (91.19%) | 729 (92.63%) | 730 (89.79%) | 0.085 |
| Yes | 135 (8.44%) | 57 (7.24%) | 78 (9.59%) | ||
| Combined medical treatments N = 1600 | No | 1295 (80.94%) | 643 (81.7%) | 652 (80.20%) | 0.443 |
| Yes | 305 (19.06%) | 144 (18.30%) | 161 (19.80%) | ||
| Duration of treatment N = 1589 | ≤7 days | 1280 (80.00%) | 613 (77.89%) | 667 (82.04%) | 0.123 |
| 8-14 days | 251 (15.69%) | 136 (17.28%) | 115 (14.15%) | ||
| >14 days | 58 (3.63%) | 32 (4.07%) | 26 (3.20%) | ||
| Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) Year N = 1594 | 2012 | 199 (12.44%) | 95 (12.07%) | 104 (12.79%) | <0.001 |
| 2013 | 232 (14.50%) | 140 (17.79%) | 92 (11.32%) | ||
| 2014 | 204 (12.75%) | 97 (12.33%) | 107 (13.16%) | ||
| 2015 | 224 (14.00%) | 114 (14.49%) | 110 (13.53%) | ||
| 2016 | 221 (13.81%) | 89 (11.31%) | 132 (16.24%) | ||
| 2017 | 185 (11.56%) | 95 (12.07%) | 90 (11.07%) | ||
| 2018 | 182 (11.38%) | 96 (12.20%) | 86 (10.58%) | ||
| 2019 | 153 (9.56%) | 61 (7.71%) | 92 (11.32%) | ||
Total = Total number of prescriptions evaluated; Inappropriate = if the drug, route, dose and/or duration of the antibiotic prescription were incorrect according to the local guideline; Appropriate = if the drug, route, dose and/or duration of the antibiotic prescription were correct according to the local guideline.