TABLE 1.

Longitudinal studies reporting on risk factors for the development of tinnitus

Author and Year	Cohort	No. Patients Included (N)	Length of Follow-Up (Years)	Risk Factors
Bernhardt et al. 2011	Germany, Study of Health in Pomerania	3134	5	Palpation pain in the TMJ
Dawes et al. 2020	UK, UK Biobank	3177	4	None identified
Dille et al. 2010	USA, Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service	Case control study, cisplatin N = 98; carboplatin N = 38; controls N = 57		Cisplatin, carboplatin
Glicksman et al. 2014	Nurses’ Health Study II	65085	18	Caffeine intake (protective)
Gopinath et al. 2010	Australia, Blue Mountains Hearing Study	1214	5	Lower age, hearing loss, reported history of whiplash, symptomatic dizziness
Hwang et al. 2018	Taiwan, Longitudinal Health Insurance Database	Case control study, with migraine N=1056; without migraine N=4224	6	Migraine
Lee et al. 2016	Taiwan, Longitudinal Health Insurance Database	Case control study, with TMJ disorder N=362, without TMJ disorder N=530	6	TMJ disorder
Nondahl et al. 2002	USA, Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study	2513	5	Hearing loss, total cholesterol, history of head injury, otosclerosis
Nondahl et al. 2010	USA, Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study	2922	10	History of arthritis, history of head injury, history of ever smoking, among women hearing loss, moderate alcohol consumption (protective), lower age among women, obesity among men (protective)
Shih et al. 2017	Taiwan, Longitudinal Health Insurance Database	Case control study, with CKD N=185430; without CKD N=566290	10	CKD

CKD, chronic kidney disease; TMJ, temporomandibular joint.