Table 1.

Comparison of composition of bovine colostrum with mature milk

Components	Mature Milk	Bovine Colostrum	References
Total solids (%)	12.9	24–28	Playford and Weiser (2021)
Fat (%)	3.6–4.0	6–7	Zou et al. (2015)
Palmitoleic ω-7 C16:1	1.73–1.75	1.57–1.58
Linoleic ω-6 C18:2	7.06–7.09	6.53–6.55
Linolenic ω-3 C18:3	0.43–0.45	0.61–0.63
Oleic ω-9 trans C18:1	0.59–0.60	0.76–0.77
Gadoleic ω-9 C20:1	0.75–0.85	1.02–1.05
PUFA	9.45–9.55	10.28–11.00
MUFA	36.69–37.10	44.01–44.05
SFA	53.86–53.96	45.71–46.00
Saturated Fatty Acid	53.86–53.90	45.71–45.90
Lactose (%)	4.7–5.0	2.0–3.0	McGrath et al. (2016)
Proteins
Protein (%)	3.1–3.2	14.0–16.0	Playford and Weiser (2021); Samarütel et al. (2016)
Albumin (%)	0.4–0.5	1.7–3.49
Casein (%)	2.5–2.6	4.8–5.0
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins (mg/mL)	0.4–0.9	42.0–90.0	Elfstrand et al. (2002); (Buttar et al. (2017); Bagwe et al. (2015)
IgA (g/L)	0.04–0.06	3.2–6.2
IgG1 (g/L)	0.31–0.40	34.0–87.0
IgG2 (g/L)	0.03–0.08	1.6–6.0
IgM (g/L)	0.03–0.06	3.7–6.1
Minerals
Sodium (g/kg)	≈ 0.4	0.7–1.1	Godden et al. (2019)
Calcium (g/kg)	1.2–1.3	2.6–4.7
Potassium (g/kg)	1.5–1.7	1.4–2.8
Magnesium (g/kg)	0.11–0.13	0.4–0.7
Phosphorus (g/kg)	0.9–1.2	≈ 4.5
Zinc (mg/kg)	3.0–6.0	11.6–38.1
Vitamins
Vitamin A (μg/100 mL)	34.0–35.0	25.0–26.0	Arslan et al. (2021); Godden et al. (2019)
Tocopherol (E) (μg/g)	0.06	2.92–5.63
Thiamin (B1) (μg/mL)	0.4–0.5	0.58–0.90
Niacin (B3) (μg/mL)	0.8–0.9	0.34–0.96
Riboflavin (B2) (μg/mL)	1.5–1.7	4.55–4.83
Vitamin D (IU/g fat)	0.41	0.89–1.81
Antimicrobials
Lysozyme (mg/L)	0.07–0.6	0.14–0.7	Boudry et al. (2008)
Lactoferrin (g/L)	0.1–0.3	1.5–5.0	Boudry et al. (2008)
Lactoperoxidase (mg/L)	13.0–30.0	11.0–45.0	Arslan et al. (2021)
Growth hormone (mg/L)	< 0.03	< 1 mg	Bagwe-Parab et al. (2020)
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (μg/L)	200–600	50–2000	McGrath et al. (2016)
TGFβ1 (μg/L)	0.8–3.5	12.0–43.0
Insulin (ng/mL)	0.042–0.34	4.2–34.4	Georgiev (2008)