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. 2022 Oct 24;13:6321. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34036-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Schematic illustration of the establishment and treatment strategy in 4T1 breast tumor model. b 4T1 tumor growth curves after different treatments. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 6 mice) and analyzed with two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel: *P = 0.0259; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel vs. VNP-GD@Gel: **P = 0.0046; VNP-GD@Gel vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1: ***P = 0.0001. c Survival curve of the 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after different treatments (n = 6 mice). Data are analyzed with Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel vs. VNP-GD@Gel: **P = 0.0085; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD@Gel: ***P = 0.0005; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel: *P = 0.0308. d Schematic illustration of the establishment and treatment strategy of the breast tumor lung metastasis model. e Representative lung images and H&E assay after different treatments (n = 5 mice, scale bar = 2 mm for lung tissue images and 200 µm for H&E staining images). f Number of surface lung metastatic nodules in different treatment groups. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 5 mice) and analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel vs. VNP-GD@Gel: ****P < 0.0001; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel: *P = 0.0478. g Schematic illustration of the establishment and treatment strategy in B16F10 melanoma model. h B16F10 tumor growth curves after the same treatment regimen described above (n = 6 mice). i Survival curve of the B16F10 tumor-bearing mice after the same treatment regimen described above (n = 6 mice). Data are analyzed with Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (n = 6 mice). VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel vs. VNP-GD@Gel: *P = 0.0173^; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD@Gel: ***P = 0.0005; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel: **P = 0.0031. j Schematic illustration of the establishment and treatment strategy of the B16F10 double tumor model. k Distant tumor growth curves after different treatments as described above. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 6 mice) and analyzed with two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel vs. VNP-GD@Gel: ***P = 0.0004; VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1 vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel: *P = 0.0187; VNP-GD@Gel vs. VNP-GD/EI-NP@Gel+aPD-1: ***P = 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.