Table 4.
Factor | PAM Mean (SD) | Beta | p value | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
Age, years | −0.166 | 0.072 | −0.347 to 0.015 | ||
≤40 | 67.8 (12.3) | ||||
> 40 | 64.0 (16.4) | −3.823 | 0.147 | −9.00 to 1.354 | |
Sex | |||||
Female | 64.3 (15.3) | ||||
Male | 69.1 (18.4) | 4.824 | 0.160 | −1.924 to 11.572 | |
Disease duration | |||||
Duration, years | 0.030 | 0.833 | −0.254 to 0.315 | ||
Early | 58.8 (22.3) | ||||
Established | 65.3 (15.4) | 6.924 | 0.287 | −5.863 to 19.710 | |
Factors adjusted to age, sex, and disease duration regardless of significance | |||||
Education Level | |||||
None to low | Uneducated, primary, and middle school | 62.7 (17.5) | |||
Middle-High | High school, diploma, university, and above | 66.3 (14.4) | 1.587 | 0.532 | −3.415 to 6.589 |
Income | |||||
Low | 65.1 (16.1) | ||||
High | 64.3 (14.6) | −1.171 | 0.657 | −6.367 to 4.023 | |
Work status | |||||
No | 64.0 (15.9) | ||||
Yes | 67.3 (15.3) | 1.190 | 0.678 | −4.449 to 6.830 | |
Living | |||||
With family | 65.0 (15.8) | ||||
Alone | 63.0 (15.2) | 0.304 | 0.953 | −9.798 to 10.4.7 | |
Other comorbidities | |||||
One or more | 65.8 (16.3) | ||||
More than one | 62.5 (16.8) | −0.942 | 0.736 | −6.450 to 4.566 | |
Depression | |||||
No | 65.0 (15.8) | ||||
Yes | 62.1 (13.8) | −2.028 | 0.716 | −13.120 to 9.064 | |
Seropositivity (rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated peptide positive) | |||||
Negative | 66.3 (16.0) | ||||
Positive | 63.8 (15.5) | −2.181 | 0.491 | −8.442 to 4.079 | |
DAS-ESR | |||||
DAS28-ESR continuous | 0.321 | 0.594 | −0.866 to 1.507 | ||
Remission to mild | 64.5 (16.5) | ||||
Moderate to sever | 65.6 (13.7) | 1.781 | 0.486 | −3.254 to 6.817 | |
Other medication | |||||
No | 65.1 (15.9) | ||||
Yes | 62.9 (14.8) | −2.103 | 0.607 | −10.145 to 5.939 | |
cDMARDs | |||||
No | 63.9 (16.2) | ||||
Yes | 65.9 (15.3) | 2.905 | 0.204 | −1.594 to 7.404 | |
TNFi, non-TNFi, and small-molecule agents | |||||
No | 65.1 (16.7) | ||||
Yes | 64.6 (14.5) | −1.800 | 0.437 | −6.358 to 2.758 | |
CS | |||||
No | 64.4 (16.4) | ||||
Yes | 67.6 (11.0) | 3.868 | 0.228 | −2.438 to 10.175 | |
NSAIDs | |||||
No | 65.0 (16.0) | ||||
Yes | 63.5 (12.2) | −1.012 | 0.835 | −10.576 to 8.551 | |
Type of clinic | |||||
Specialised multidisciplinary | 66.5 (16.2) | ||||
Standard of care | 62.2 (14.6) | −4.570 | 0.050 | −9.146 to 0.006 |
Notes: *Significance level according to p < 0.05.52
Abbreviations: PAM, patient activation measure; SD, standard deviation; csDMARDs, conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, or mycophenolate; TNFi biologics, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, including adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, or infliximab; non-TNFi, non-tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, including abatacept, rituximab, or tocilizumab; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IQR, interquartile range.