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. 2022 Oct 19;16:2845–2865. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S379197

Table 4.

Multiple Linear Regression Predicting Factors That Influence Patient Activation Measurements Displayed as a Continuous Variable

Factor PAM Mean (SD) Beta p value 95% Confidence Intervals
Age
 Age, years −0.166 0.072 −0.347 to 0.015
 ≤40 67.8 (12.3)
 > 40 64.0 (16.4) −3.823 0.147 −9.00 to 1.354
Sex
 Female 64.3 (15.3)
 Male 69.1 (18.4) 4.824 0.160 −1.924 to 11.572
Disease duration
 Duration, years 0.030 0.833 −0.254 to 0.315
 Early 58.8 (22.3)
 Established 65.3 (15.4) 6.924 0.287 −5.863 to 19.710
Factors adjusted to age, sex, and disease duration regardless of significance
Education Level
None to low Uneducated, primary, and middle school 62.7 (17.5)
Middle-High High school, diploma, university, and above 66.3 (14.4) 1.587 0.532 −3.415 to 6.589
Income
 Low 65.1 (16.1)
 High 64.3 (14.6) −1.171 0.657 −6.367 to 4.023
Work status
 No 64.0 (15.9)
 Yes 67.3 (15.3) 1.190 0.678 −4.449 to 6.830
Living
 With family 65.0 (15.8)
 Alone 63.0 (15.2) 0.304 0.953 −9.798 to 10.4.7
Other comorbidities
 One or more 65.8 (16.3)
 More than one 62.5 (16.8) −0.942 0.736 −6.450 to 4.566
Depression
 No 65.0 (15.8)
 Yes 62.1 (13.8) −2.028 0.716 −13.120 to 9.064
Seropositivity (rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated peptide positive)
 Negative 66.3 (16.0)
 Positive 63.8 (15.5) −2.181 0.491 −8.442 to 4.079
DAS-ESR
 DAS28-ESR continuous 0.321 0.594 −0.866 to 1.507
 Remission to mild 64.5 (16.5)
 Moderate to sever 65.6 (13.7) 1.781 0.486 −3.254 to 6.817
Other medication
 No 65.1 (15.9)
 Yes 62.9 (14.8) −2.103 0.607 −10.145 to 5.939
cDMARDs
 No 63.9 (16.2)
 Yes 65.9 (15.3) 2.905 0.204 −1.594 to 7.404
TNFi, non-TNFi, and small-molecule agents
 No 65.1 (16.7)
 Yes 64.6 (14.5) −1.800 0.437 −6.358 to 2.758
CS
 No 64.4 (16.4)
 Yes 67.6 (11.0) 3.868 0.228 −2.438 to 10.175
NSAIDs
 No 65.0 (16.0)
 Yes 63.5 (12.2) −1.012 0.835 −10.576 to 8.551
Type of clinic
 Specialised multidisciplinary 66.5 (16.2)
 Standard of care 62.2 (14.6) −4.570 0.050 −9.146 to 0.006

Notes: *Significance level according to p < 0.05.52

Abbreviations: PAM, patient activation measure; SD, standard deviation; csDMARDs, conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, or mycophenolate; TNFi biologics, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, including adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, or infliximab; non-TNFi, non-tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, including abatacept, rituximab, or tocilizumab; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IQR, interquartile range.