TABLE 3.
Univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis of factors associated with controlled attenuation parameter values (loge dB/m)
| Characteristics | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 95% CI | p | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
| Coefficient | 95% CI | p | Coefficient | 95% CI | p | |||||
| Sex | Female vs. male | +0.05 | −0.01 to +0.11 | 0.12 | ||||||
| Age | Per 5‐year older | +0.01 | −0.01 to +0.03 | 0.23 | ||||||
| Cigarette smoking | Yes vs. No | −0.04 | −0.15 to +0.08 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Excessive alcohol | Yes vs. No | +0.07 | −0.14 to +0.28 | 0.51 | ||||||
| Herbal or traditional remedies | Yes vs. No | +0.10 | −0.06 to +0.25 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Time on ART | Per 1 year longer | +0.01 | −0.00 to +0.01 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Stavudine exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.02 | +0.00 to +0.04 | 0.017 | +0.01 | −0.00 to +0.03 | 0.11 | +0.02 | +0.00 to +0.04 | 0.044 |
| Zidovudine exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.92 | ||||||
| Tenofovir DF exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.68 | ||||||
| Efavirenz exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.00 to +0.01 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Nevirapine exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.00 to +0.01 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir exposure | Per 1 year longer | −0.01 | −0.03 to +0.01 | 0.34 | ||||||
| HIV‐1 RNA load a | Per 1 log10 copies/ml higher | −0.01 | −0.03 to +0.01 | 0.23 | ||||||
| CD4 count | Per 100 cells/mm3 higher | +0.01 | −0.00 to +0.02 | 0.06 | +0.01 | −0.00 to +0.01 | 0.15 | 0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.47 |
| HBsAg | Positive vs. negative | +0.02 | −0.04 to +0.09 | 0.44 | ||||||
| HBV DNA (n = 90) | Per 1 log10 IU/ml higher | −0.00 | −0.04 to +0.03 | 0.90 | ||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | Yes vs. no | +0.16 | +0.10 to +0.22 | <0.001 | +0.15 | +0.08 to +0.21 | <0.001 | |||
| BMI | Per 1 kg/m2 higher | +0.02 | +0.01 to +0.02 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Central obesity | Yes vs. no | +0.13 | +0.07 to +0.18 | <0.001 | +0.09 | +0.03 to +0.15 | 0.002 | |||
| Hypertension | Per grade higher | +0.06 | +0.03 to +0.09 | <0.001 | +0.03 | +0.00 to +0.06 | 0.05 | |||
| Total cholesterol | Per 1 mmol/L higher | +0.05 | +0.02 to +0.07 | <0.001 | ||||||
| LDL | Per 1 mmol/L higher | +0.05 | +0.02 to +0.08 | 0.001 | +0.03 | +0.00 to +0.06 | 0.036 | |||
| HDL | Per 1 mmol/L higher | −0.04 | −0.11 to +0.03 | 0.26 | ||||||
| Triglycerides | Per 1 mmol/L higher | +0.06 | +0.02 to +0.09 | 0.001 | +0.02 | −0.02 to +0.07 | 0.30 | |||
| HbA1c | Per 1 mmol/mol higher | +0.01 | +0.00 to +0.01 | <0.001 | +0.01 | +0.00 to +0.01 | 0.005 | |||
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ART, antiretroviral treatment; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DF, disoproxil fumarate; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
Excludes four patients who were ART naive and one off ART. Model 1 adjusted for cumulative stavudine exposure, metabolic syndrome, and CD4 cell count. Model 2 adjusted for cumulative stavudine exposure, CD4 cell count, LDL levels, and individual components of the metabolic syndrome (central obesity, hypertension, triglyceride, and HbA1c levels). Excessive alcohol use was defined as drinking more than once a week in moderate to large quantities.