TABLE 4.
Univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis of factors associated with liver stiffness values (loge kPa)
| Characteristics | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 95% CI | p | Coefficient | 95% CI | p | ||
| Sex | Female vs. male | −0.15 | −0.22 to −0.07 | <0.001 | −0.15 | −0.22 to −0.07 | <0.001 |
| Age | Per 5‐year older | +0.01 | −0.01 to +0.03 | 0.26 | |||
| Cigarette smoking | Yes vs. no | +0.11 | −0.03 to +0.25 | 0.11 | |||
| Herbal or traditional remedies | Yes vs. no | +0.13 | −0.06 to +0.31 | 0.18 | |||
| Excess alcohol | Yes vs. no | +0.06 | −0.19 to +0.31 | 0.63 | |||
| Time on ART | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.91 | |||
| Stavudine exposure | Per 1 year longer | −0.01 | −0.03 to +0.02 | 0.63 | |||
| Zidovudine exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.88 | |||
| Tenofovir DF exposure all | Per 1 year longer | −0.01 | −0.02 to +0.00 | 0.18 | |||
| Efavirenz exposure | Per 1 year longer | −0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.57 | |||
| Nevirapine exposure | Per 1 year longer | +0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.93 | |||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir exposure | Per 1 year longer | −0.00 | −0.03 to +0.02 | 0.69 | |||
| HIV‐1 RNA load | Per 1 log10 copies/ml higher | +0.03 | +0.01 to +0.05 | 0.013 | +0.03 | +0.00 to +0.05 | 0.019 |
| CD4 count | Per 1 cells/mm3 higher | −0.01 | −0.02 to −0.00 | 0.024 | |||
| HBsAg | Positive vs. negative | +0.06 | −0.01 to +0.14 | 0.11 | |||
| HBV DNA (n = 90) | Per 1 log10 higher | +0.02 | −0.03 to +0.06 | 0.53 | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | Yes vs. no | +0.01 | −0.07 to +0.09 | 0.83 | |||
| BMI | Per 1 kg/m2 higher | −0.00 | −0.01 to +0.01 | 0.90 | |||
| Central obesity | Yes vs. No | −0.09 | −0.16 to −0.02 | 0.010 | |||
| Hypertension | Per grade higher | +0.03 | −0.01 to +0.06 | 0.14 | |||
| Total cholesterol | Per 1 mmol/L higher | −0.01 | −0.04 to +0.02 | 0.34 | |||
| LDL | Per 1 mmol/L higher | −0.03 | −0.07 to +0.01 | 0.11 | |||
| HDL | Per 1 mmol/L higher | −0.02 | −0.11 to +0.06 | 0.59 | |||
| Triglycerides | Per 1 mmol/L higher | +0.02 | −0.02 to +0.06 | 0.33 | |||
| HbA1c | Per 1 mmol/mol higher | +0.00 | −0.00 to +0.01 | 0.32 | |||
| CAP values | Per 10 db/m higher | +0.01 | −0.00 to +0.12 | 0.09 | +0.01 | +0.00 to +0.02 | 0.020 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ART, antiretroviral treatment; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; CI, confidence interval; DF, disoproxil fumarate; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.