Table 2. Clinical characteristics according to the COVID-19 severity in pregnant women with COVID-19.
| Characteristics | Total pregnant women (N = 257) | Maternal disease severity | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild (n = 197) | Severe (n = 60) | ||||
| Symptoms | 228 (88.72) | 168 (85.28) | 60 (100) | 0.002b | |
| Fever | 124 (48.25) | 76 (38.58) | 48 (80) | < 0.001b | |
| Chills | 23 (8.95) | 17 (8.63) | 6 (10) | 0.745b | |
| Myalgia | 67 (26.07) | 48 (24.37) | 19 (31.67) | 0.259b | |
| Sore throat | 95 (36.96) | 68 (34.52) | 27 (45) | 0.141b | |
| Cough | 138 (53.70) | 92 (46.70) | 46 (76.67) | < 0.001b | |
| Diarrhea | 1 (0.39) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.67) | 0.233c | |
| Dyspnea | 31 (12.06) | 6 (3.05) | 25 (41.67) | < 0.001b | |
| Chest pain | 4 (1.56) | 1 (0.51) | 3 (5.00) | 0.041c | |
| Nasal congestion | 68 (26.46) | 53 (26.90) | 15 (25) | 0.770b | |
| Sputum | 79 (30.74) | 54 (27.41) | 25 (41.67) | 0.039c | |
| Headache | 47 (18.29) | 34 (17.26) | 13 (21.67) | 0.439b | |
| Hypogeusia | 21 (8.17) | 16 (8.12) | 5 (8.33) | 1.000c | |
| Hyposmia | 27 (10.51) | 24 (12.18) | 3 (5.00) | 0.112b | |
| Laboratory findingsd | |||||
| Highest WBC, × 103/μL | 7.79 (6.28–10.02) (n = 256) | 7.41 (5.98–9.03) (n = 196) | 9.77 (7.55–11.89) (n = 60) | < 0.001a | |
| Lowest platelet, × 103/μL | 188.5 (157.25–222) (n = 256) | 196.5 (169–231) (n = 196) | 157.5 (128.75–194.75) (n = 60) | < 0.001a | |
| Lowest Hb, g/dL | 11.2 (10.2–2) (n = 256) | 11.4 (10.7–12.2) (n = 196) | 10.15 (9.5–11.1) (n = 60) | < 0.001a | |
| Highest ALT, IU/L | 20 (12–35) (n = 256) | 18 (12–31.25) (n = 196) | 26.5 (14–44) (n = 60) | 0.069a | |
| Highest AST, IU/L | 25.5 (18–38) (n = 256) | 23 (17–31) (n = 196) | 38.5 (26–54) (n = 60) | 0.014a | |
| Highest bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.42 (0.3–0.57) (n = 250) | 0.40 (0.30–0.55) (n = 191) | 0.52 (0.36–0.69) (n = 59) | 0.042a | |
| Highest LDH, IU/L | 209 (179–281.3) (n = 237) | 200.5 (164.75–260.5) (n = 180) | 259 (206–326) (n = 57) | 0.002a | |
| Highest creatinine, mg/dL | 0.50 (0.44–0.58) (n = 256) | 0.51 (0.44–0.58) (n = 196) | 0.48 (0.43–0.56) (n = 60) | 0.382a | |
| Highest CRP, mg/L | 12.4 (4.35–39.55) (n = 255) | 8.1 (2.6–20.1) (n = 196) | 65.1 (35.95–90.8) (n = 59) | < 0.001a | |
| Highest procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) (n = 200) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) (n = 150) | 0.07 (0.05–0.29) (n = 50) | 0.030a | |
| Treatment | 162 (63.04) | 103 (52.28) | 59 (98.33) | < 0.001b | |
| Regdanvimab | 2 (0.78) | 1 (0.51) | 1 (1.67) | 0.413c | |
| Remdesivir | 38 (14.79) | 2 (1.02) | 36 (60) | < 0.001b | |
| Antibiotics | 52 (20.23) | 24 (12.18) | 28 (46.67) | < 0.001b | |
| Corticosteroid | 61 (23.74) | 16 (8.12) | 45 (75) | < 0.001b | |
| Antipyretics | 136 (52.92) | 85 (43.15) | 51 (85) | < 0.001b | |
| Tocilizumab | 1 (0.39) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.67) | 0.233c | |
| Highest level of oxygen support | < 0.001c | ||||
| None | 197 (76.65) | 197 (100) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Nasal cannula | 41 (15.95) | 0 (0.00) | 41 (68.33) | ||
| Mask | 4 (1.56) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (6.67) | ||
| NIV or high-flow nasal cannula | 13 (5.06) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (21.67) | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 2 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.33) | ||
| Co-infection | |||||
| Respiratory virus infection | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | N/A | |
| Bacterial infection | 16 (6.23) | 7 (3.55) | 9 (15) | 0.003c | |
| ICU admission | 9 (3.50) | 0 (0.00) | 9 (15) | < 0.001c | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | N/A | |
| ECMO | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | N/A | |
| Length of hospital stay, day | 11 (9–13) | 10 (9–11) | 14 (11–17) | < 0.001a | |
| Mortality | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | N/A | |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, WBC = white blood cell, Hb = hemoglobin, ALT = alanine transferase, AST = aspartate transaminase, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, CRP = C-reactive protein, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU = intensive care unit, N/A = not available, NIV = noninvasive ventilation.
aIndependent sample t-test was used for testing; bChi-squared test was used for testing; cFisher’s exact was used for testing; dThe available number of participants was presented as a denominator or in brackets owing to missing data.