Table 1.
MDD-W indicator among Syrian mothers according to their reproductive status based on 24-h dietary recalls
(Mean values and standard deviations)
| Variables* | Pregnant mothers n 77 | Lactating mothers n 204 | NPNLM n 152 | Total n 433 | P † | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| MDD-W indicator | |||||||||
| Food group diversity score‡ | |||||||||
| Mean | 4·17 | 4·19 | 4·04 | 4·13 | 0·591 | ||||
| sd | 1·5 | 1·4 | 1·3 | 1·4 | |||||
| MDD-W indicator§ | |||||||||
| LDD (< 5 out of 10 food groups) | 48 | 62·3 | 128 | 62·7 | 98 | 64·5 | 274 | 63·3 | |
| MDD-W (≥ 5 out of 10 food groups) | 29 | 37·7 | 76 | 37·3 | 54 | 35·5 | 159 | 36·7 | 0·929 |
| Consumption of nutrient-rich food groups | |||||||||
| Pulses, nuts and seeds‖ | 22 | 28·6 | 52 | 25·5 | 44 | 28·9 | 118 | 27·3 | 0·738 |
| Animal-source foods¶ | 65 | 84·4 | 185 | 90·7 | 125 | 82·2 | 375 | 86·6 | 0·056 |
| Fruits and vegetables** | 68 | 88·3 | 171 | 83·8 | 137 | 90·1 | 376 | 86·8 | 0·201 |
| MDD-W food groups consumed on the day before the interview | |||||||||
| 1. Grain, white roots and tubers | 77 | 100·0 | 204 | 100·0 | 150 | 98·7 | 431 | 99·5 | 0·156 |
| 2. Pulses (beans, peas and lentils) | 15 | 19·5 | 41 | 20·1 | 30 | 19·7 | 86 | 19·9 | 0·992 |
| 3. Nuts and seeds | 11 | 14·3 | 20 | 9·8 | 22 | 14·5 | 53 | 12·2 | 0·344 |
| 4. Dairy | 51 | 66·2 | 152 | 74·5 | 93 | 61·2 | 296 | 68·4 | 0·025 |
| 5. Meat, poultry and fish | 27 | 35·1 | 97 | 47·5 | 69 | 45·4 | 193 | 44·6 | 0·166 |
| 6. Eggs | 29 | 37·7 | 66 | 32·4 | 34 | 22·4 | 129 | 29·8 | 0·031 |
| 7. Dark green leafy vegetables | 7 | 9·1 | 24 | 11·8 | 20 | 13·2 | 51 | 11·8 | 0·666 |
| 8. Other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables | 9 | 11·7 | 27 | 13·2 | 22 | 14·5 | 58 | 13·4 | 0·839 |
| 9. Other vegetables | 58 | 75·3 | 154 | 75·5 | 112 | 73·7 | 324 | 74·8 | 0·922 |
| 10. Other fruits | 37 | 48·1 | 70 | 34·3 | 62 | 40·8 | 169 | 39·0 | 0·094 |
| 11. Other oils and fats | 58 | 75·3 | 170 | 83·3 | 117 | 77·0 | 345 | 79·7 | 0·195 |
| 12. Fried and salty foods | 8 | 10·4 | 14 | 6·9 | 12 | 7·9 | 34 | 7·9 | 0·618 |
| 13. Sweet foods | 28 | 36·4 | 95 | 46·6 | 62 | 40·8 | 185 | 42·7 | 0·254 |
| 14. Sugar-sweetened beverages | 61 | 79·2 | 171 | 83·8 | 123 | 80·9 | 355 | 82·0 | 0·612 |
| 15. Condiments and seasonings | 67 | 87·0 | 170 | 83·3 | 131 | 86·2 | 368 | 85·0 | 0·652 |
| 16. Other beverages and foods | 22 | 28·6 | 98 | 48·0 | 67 | 44·1 | 187 | 43·2 | 0·013 |
MDD-W, Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women; NPNLM, non-pregnant non-lactating mothers; LDD, low dietary diversity.
Categorical variables are expressed as n (%) and continuous variables are expressed as mean values and standard deviations.
The variable ‘fruits and vegetables’ is the sum of food groups 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Significantly different at P-value <0·05; P-value was derived using one-way ANOVA test for continuous variables and χ 2 analysis for categorical variables.
Food group diversity score is the sum of the first ten MDD-W food groups consumed yesterday.
The MDD-W indicator defined LDD as a food group diversity score < 5 and MDD-W as ≥ 5 out of ten food groups.
The variable ‘pulses, nuts and seeds’ is the sum of food groups 2 and 3.
The variable ‘animal-source foods’ is the sum of food groups 4, 5 and 6.