Table 2.
Nutrient inadequacy of key macro- and micronutrients according to maternal low dietary diversity based on 24-hour dietary recalls
| Variables** | EAR† | MDD-W n=159 |
LDD n=274 |
Total (N=433) |
Maternal Low Dietary Diversity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR‡ (95% CI) | P | aOR§ (95% CI) | P | |||||
| Macronutrient intake | ||||||||
| Protein (g/kg/d) | 0·66–1·05 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 58 (36·7) | 49 (17·9) | 107 (24·8) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 100 (63·3) | 225 (82·1) | 325 (75·2) | 2·66 (1·70-4·17) | 0·000 | 1·38 (0·82-2·32) | 0·229 | |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 100–160 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 132 (83·0) | 169 (61·7) | 301 (69·5) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 27 (17·0) | 105 (38·3) | 132 (30·5) | 3·04 (1·88-4·91) | 0·000 | 1·40 (0·78-2·51) | 0·260 | |
| Fibers (g/d) | 25–29* | |||||||
| ≥ AI | 24 (15·2) | 21 (7·7) | 45 (10·4) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < AI | 134 (84·8) | 253 (92·3) | 387 (89·6) | 2·16 (1·16-4·02) | 0·015 | 0·74 (0·35-1·56) | 0·430 | |
| Micronutrient intake | ||||||||
| Iron (mg/d) | 6·5–23 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 86 (54·4) | 89 (32·5) | 175 (40·5) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 72 (45·6) | 185 (67·5) | 257 (59·5) | 2·48 (1·66-3·71) | 0·000 | 1·30 (0·80-2·10) | 0·290 | |
| Folate (µg/d) | 320–520 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 28 (17·7) | 18 (6·6) | 46 (10·6) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 130 (82·3) | 256 (93·4) | 386 (89·4) | 3·06 (1·63-5·74) | 0·000 | 1·57 (0·79-3·13) | 0·200 | |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 2·0–2·4 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 42 (26·4) | 22 (8·0) | 64 (14·8) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 117 (73·6) | 252 (92·0) | 369 (85·2) | 4·11 (2·35-7·20) | 0·000 | 3·08 (1·70-5·56) | 0·000 | |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 56–100 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 68 (43·0) | 58 (21·2) | 126 (29·2) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 90 (57·0) | 216 (78·8) | 306 (70·8) | 2·81 (1·83-4·32) | 0·000 | 1·96 (1·24-3·11) | 0·004 | |
| Vitamin A (µg/d) | 485–900 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 34 (21·5) | 23 (8·4) | 57 (13·2) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 124 (78·5) | 251 (91·6) | 375 (86·8) | 2·99 (1·69-5·30) | 0·000 | 2·33 (1·27-4·26) | 0·006 | |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 0·9–1·2 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 102 (64·2) | 135 (49·3) | 237 (54·7) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 57 (35·8) | 139 (50·7) | 196 (45·3) | 1·84 (1·23-2·75) | 0·003 | 0·83 (0·51-1·37) | 0·471 | |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 0·9–1·3 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 91 (57·2) | 62 (22·6) | 153 (35·3) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 68 (42·8) | 212 (77·4) | 280 (64·7) | 4·58 (3·00-6·98) | 0·000 | 2·97 (1·83-4·81) | 0·000 | |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 11–14 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 96 (60·4) | 96 (35·0) | 192 (44·3) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 63 (39·6) | 178 (65·0) | 241 (55·7) | 2·82 (1·89-4·23) | 0·000 | 1·44 (0·87-2·38) | 0·157 | |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1·0–1·7 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 40 (25·3) | 23 (8·4) | 63 (14·6) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 118 (74·7) | 251 (91·6) | 369 (85·4) | 3·70 (2·12-6·46) | 0·000 | 1·75 (0·92-3·32) | 0·086 | |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 8·5–10·9 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 23 (27·2) | 27 (9·9) | 70 (16·2) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 115 (72·8) | 247 (90·1) | 362 (83·8) | 3·42 (2·01-5·81) | 0·000 | 1·66 (0·90-3·05) | 0·105 | |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 800–1100 | |||||||
| ≥ EAR | 27 (17·1) | 23 (8·4) | 50 (11·6) | 1·0 | 1·0 | |||
| < EAR | 131 (82·9) | 251 (91·6) | 382 (88·4) | 2·25 (1·24-4·08) | 0·008 | 1·06 (0·54-2·08) | 0·861 | |
LDD, low Dietary Diversity; EAR, estimated average requirements; MDD-W, Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women; aOR, adjusted OR; AI, adequate intake.
AI is presented in ordinary types followed by an asterisk (*)(54).
** Categorical variables are expressed as n(%).
† EAR is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the mothers according to their age and reproductive status groups.
‡ OR of the dependent variable (MDD-W vs. LDD) are presented with 95% CI using simple logistic regression. aOR are presented with 95% CI using multiple logistic regression analysis.
§ Model 1: adjusted for total energy intake.
Statistical significance was defined as P-value < 0·05.