Table 6.
Percentage contribution of food groups to total energy intake (% EI) by income groups based on dietary data from the FFQ
(Mean values and standard deviations)
| Food groups and subgroups* | Percentage energy intake (% EI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-income group (n 267) | High-income group (n 142) | Total (n 409) | P † | ||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | ||
| Grains and starchy staples | 47·6 | 16·5 | 40·6 | 14·8 | 45·2 | 16·3 | 0·000 |
| Bread | 26·5 | 14·7 | 22·2 | 11·7 | 25·0 | 13·9 | 0·005 |
| Rice | 6·2 | 5·5 | 5·1 | 3·8 | 5·8 | 5·0 | 0·005 |
| Bulgur/pasta | 3·1 | 3·3 | 2·6 | 2·2 | 2·9 | 3·0 | 0·005 |
| Potato/French fries | 11·7 | 10·7 | 10·5 | 8·8 | 11·3 | 10·1 | 0·005 |
| Dry breadsticks | 0·1 | 0·2 | 0·2 | 0·8 | 0·1 | 0·5 | 0·005 |
| Crackers/toast/cereals | 0·01 | 1·0 | 0·04 | 0·3 | 0·02 | 0·2 | 0·176 |
| Vegetables | 0·9 | 0·9 | 0·9 | 0·8 | 0·9 | 0·9 | 0·574 |
| Fresh vegetables | 0·8 | 0·6 | 0·9 | 0·7 | 0·8 | 0·7 | 0·197 |
| Canned vegetables | 0·1 | 0·6 | 0·0 | 0·2 | 0·1 | 0·5 | 0·446 |
| Fruits | 2·9 | 3·3 | 3·6 | 3·4 | 3·2 | 3·3 | 0·034 |
| Fresh fruits | 2·8 | 3·2 | 3·6 | 3·3 | 3·1 | 3·2 | 0·031 |
| Dried/canned/cocktails | 0·1 | 0·8 | 0·1 | 0·5 | 0·1 | 0·7 | 0·905 |
| Flesh foods | 2·1 | 2·0 | 2·6 | 2·8 | 2·3 | 2·3 | 0·021 |
| Beef/lamb/organ meat | 0·4 | 0·8 | 0·6 | 0·9 | 0·5 | 0·9 | 0·041 |
| Processed meat | 0·3 | 0·6 | 0·2 | 0·5 | 0·3 | 0·6 | 0·446 |
| Poultry | 1·1 | 1·3 | 1·4 | 2·3 | 1·2 | 1·7 | 0·038 |
| Fish | 0·3 | 0·7 | 0·3 | 0·6 | 0·3 | 0·7 | 0·593 |
| Eggs | 2·0 | 2·2 | 2·0 | 2·0 | 2·0 | 2·2 | 0·780 |
| Pulses, nuts and seeds | 5·1 | 6·1 | 5·8 | 5·6 | 5·3 | 5·9 | 0·250 |
| Legumes | 2·7 | 2·6 | 2·8 | 2·7 | 2·7 | 2·6 | 0·623 |
| Nuts and seeds | 2·4 | 5·4 | 3·0 | 5·0 | 2·6 | 5·2 | 0·293 |
| Dairy products | 5·6 | 5·6 | 6·3 | 4·9 | 5·8 | 5·4 | 0·182 |
| Cheese | 1·6 | 2·3 | 2·3 | 2·4 | 1·8 | 2·4 | 0·004 |
| Milk | 0·7 | 2·9 | 0·6 | 1·5 | 0·7 | 2·5 | 0·710 |
| Yogurt and derivatives | 3·3 | 3·7 | 3·4 | 3·6 | 3·3 | 3·7 | 0·721 |
| Mixed dishes | 2·4 | 2·2 | 2·2 | 2·3 | 2·3 | 2·2 | 0·443 |
| Pizzas and pies | 2·1 | 3·4 | 2·4 | 3·0 | 2·2 | 3·3 | 0·406 |
| Fats and oils | 15·0 | 11·8 | 16·9 | 11·4 | 15·7 | 0·6 | 0·116 |
| Olive oil | 3·3 | 4·2 | 4·8 | 5·3 | 3·8 | 4·7 | 0·002 |
| Other vegetable oils | 9·5 | 9·5 | 9·3 | 8·9 | 9·4 | 9·3 | 0·852 |
| Other fats | 2·2 | 6·2 | 2·8 | 4·6 | 2·4 | 5·7 | 0·338 |
| Sweets and sugar derivatives | 7·3 | 6·3 | 8·8 | 6·1 | 7·8 | 6·3 | 0·020 |
| Sugar/jam/honey/molasses | 2·8 | 2·9 | 2·8 | 2·7 | 2·8 | 2·8 | 0·869 |
| Desserts/pastries/ice cream/puddings | 2·8 | 4·3 | 3·4 | 3·8 | 3·1 | 4·1 | 0·135 |
| Chocolate/candies | 1·7 | 3·5 | 2·6 | 3·8 | 2·0 | 3·6 | 0·014 |
| Salty snacks/potato chips | 2·4 | 4·9 | 2·7 | 3·8 | 2·5 | 4·6 | 0·552 |
| All beverages | 2·6 | 2·9 | 2·9 | 2·6 | 2·7 | 2·8 | 0·370 |
| Tea | 0·09 | 0·1 | 0·07 | 0·1 | 0·08 | 0·1 | 0·015 |
| Coffee | 0·1 | 0·2 | 0·1 | 0·1 | 0·1 | 0·1 | 0·228 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 2·4 | 2·9 | 2·7 | 2·6 | 2·5 | 2·8 | 0·392 |
| Other: alcoholic/diet soda | 0·0 | 0·1 | 0·0 | 0·2 | 0·0 | 0·2 | 0·259 |
| Condiments and pickles | 1·8 | 2·4 | 1·5 | 1·8 | 1·7 | 2·2 | 0·185 |
% EI, percentage energy intake.
*
Continuous variables are expressed as mean values and standard deviations.
†
Significantly different at P-value < 0·05; P-value was derived using one-way ANOVA test.