Comparison of systemic TNF levels in peptide-treated and control mice. Eight-week-old mice were injected i.p. with 5 μM LALF31–52 in 0.1 ml of saline or with saline alone. Twenty hours later, mice were injected i.p. with a lethal dose of P. aeruginosa. Mice were bled from the retroorbital sinus at 0, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min following the bacterial inoculation, and serum TNF concentrations were measured. Triangles, control group (n = 5); squares, LALF peptide-treated mice (n = 5). Error bars, SD. ∗, P < 0.05 by the Kruskal-Wallis test.