Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | Robust norms sample | Not in robust norms sample | |
| Total | 3496 (100) | 1787 (100) | 1709 (100) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 76.4 (7.6) | 73.9 (6.3) | 79 (7.9) |
| Female | 2095 (60) | 1074 (60) | 1021 (60) |
| Male | 1401 (40) | 713 (40) | 688 (40) |
| Race and ethnicitya | |||
| Black | 551 (16) | 265 (15) | 286 (17) |
| Hispanic | 382 (11) | 178 (10) | 204 (12) |
| White | 2484 (71) | 1300 (73) | 1184 (69) |
| Otherb | 79 (2) | 44 (2) | 35 (2) |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 12.7 (3.2) | 13.3 (2.8) | 12 (3.4) |
| MMSE score, 0-30, mean (SD)c | 26.6 (3.9) | 27.9 (2.1) | 25.1 (4.8) |
Abbreviation: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.
a
Race and ethnicity data were gathered via self-report at the time of first interview and are considered to be markers of exposure to evolving systems of racism, not as a proxy for genetic variation or any other biological variable. Race was self-selected by participants at the time of the first interview from a list of options defined by the 2000 US Census criteria.
b
Other includes a pooled group of participants who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or another self-described race, consolidated due to small sample sizes and risk of identification.
c
Higher scores indicate better cognitive function.