Table 4.
Availability and reliability of WASH and HCWM services by characteristics of HCFs, n = 1066.
| Variables | Location |
Managing authority |
Types of HCFs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban n (%) | Rural n (%) | Public n (%) | Private n (%) | Hospital n (%) | Health center n (%) | Dispensaries n (%) | |
| Water source in HCF | |||||||
| Improved | 278 (94.6) | 588 (76.2) | 591 (76.4) | 274 (93.8) | 44 (100) | 112 (91.1) | 710 (79.0) |
| Unimproved | 16 (5.4) | 184 (23.8) ** | 183 (23.6) | 18 (6.2) ** | 0 (0) | 11 (8.9) | 189 (21.0) ** |
| Water source location | |||||||
| Beyond 500 m of HCF | 19 (6.5) | 170 (22.0) | 176 (22.7) | 13 (4.5) | 4 (9.1) | 10 (8.1) | 175 (19.5) |
| Onsite within 500 m of HCF | 275 (93.5) | 602 (78.0) ** | 598 (77.3) | 279 (95.5) ** | 40 (90.9) | 113 (91.9) | 724 (80.5) * |
| Water outages in HCF | |||||||
| No | 173 (58.8) | 329 (42.6) | 315 (40.6) | 187 (64.3) | 27 (60.0) | 63 (51.2) | 412 (45.9) |
| Yes | 121 (41.2) | 443 (57.4) ** | 460 (59.4) | 104 (35.7) ** | 18 (40.0) | 60 (48.8) | 487 (54.1) |
| Types of functional latrines for patients | |||||||
| Improved | 268 (91.2) | 485 (62.8) | 485 (62.7) | 268 (91.8) | 38 (86.4) | 94 (76.4) | 621 (69.0) |
| Unimproved | 26 (8.8) | 287 (37.2) ** | 289 (37.3) | 24 (8.2) ** | 6 (13.6) | 29 (23.6) | 278 (31.0) * |
| Soap and running water or alcohol hand rub | |||||||
| Not available | 42 (14.3) | 264 (34.2) | 279 (36.0) | 28 (9.6) | 3 (6.8) | 28 (22.8) | 276 (30.7) |
| Available | 252 (85.7) | 507 (65.8) ** | 496 (64.0) | 264 (90.4) ** | 41 (93.2) | 95 (77.2) | 623 (69.3) * |
| Final disposal of sharps waste | |||||||
| Incineration | 161 (54.8) | 280 (36.3) | 274 (35.4) | 166 (57.0) | 32 (72.7) | 66 (53.7) | 341 (38.0) |
| Others (Open burning, dumping) | 133 (45.2) | 492 (63.7) ** | 501 (64.6) | 125 (43.0) | 12 (27.3) | 57 (46.3) | 558 (62.0) ** |
| Storage of sharps wastes | |||||||
| Appropriate method | 221 (75.2) | 491 (63.6) | 470 (60.7) | 242 (82.9) | 35 (79.5) | 87 (70.7) | 591 (65.7) |
| Inappropriate method | 73 (24.8) | 281 (36.4) ** | 304 (39.3) | 50 (17.1) ** | 9 (20.5) | 36 (29.3) | 308 (34.3) |
| Guideline on HCWM | |||||||
| Present | 36 (12.2) | 68 (8.8) | 64 (8.3) | 40 (13.7) | 11 (25.0) | 19 (15.3) | 75 (8.3) |
| Absent | 258 (87.8) | 704 (91.2) | 710 (91.7) | 251 (86.3) * | 33 (75.0) | 104 (84.7) | 824 (91.7) ** |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001 (p-value from chi-square test analysis that indicate statistically significant difference).