Table 3.
Characteristics associated with food insecurity in bivariate analysis
| Characteristics | Food insecurity | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | p | |
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Age group | 0.376* | ||
| Young | 320 (62) | 197 (38) | |
| Adult/Older adult | 120 (66) | 63 (34) | |
| Sex | 0.102* | ||
| Male | 200 (66) | 101 (34) | |
| Female | 238 (60) | 156 (40) | |
| Education level | 0.141* | ||
| Non-superior | 106 (62) | 65 (38) | |
| Incomplete higher education | 185 (60) | 125 (40) | |
| Complete higher education/postgraduate | 149 (68) | 70 (32) | |
| Occupation | 0.019* | ||
| No | 291 (60) | 194 (40) | |
| Yes | 149 (69) | 66 (31) | |
| Religion | 0.548* | ||
| No | 54 (60) | 36 (40) | |
| Yes | 386 (63) | 224 (37) | |
| Comorbidity history | 0.125* | ||
| Yes | 381 (64) | 214 (36) | |
| No | 59 (56) | 46 (44) | |
| COVID-19 diagnosis | 0.246* | ||
| No | 389 (64) | 222 (36) | |
| Yes | 51 (57) | 38 (43) | |
| Time at home | 0.531* | ||
| 13–24 h | 321 (63) | 187 (37) | |
| 7–12 h | 90 (64) | 50 (36) | |
| 1–6 h | 29 (56) | 23 (44) | |
| Health perception | 0.001* | ||
| Bad/Very bad | 12 (50) | 12 (50) | |
| Fair | 106 (53) | 94 (47) | |
| Good/Very good | 322 (68) | 154 (32) | |
| Isolation measures taken | 0.891* | ||
| Yes | 374 (63) | 220 (37) | |
| No | 66 (62) | 40 (38) | |
| COVID-19 pandemic severity perception | 0.669* | ||
| Neutral | 44 (65) | 24 (35) | |
| Very serious/serious | 374 (63) | 219 (37) | |
| Overestimated/Really overestimated | 22 (56) | 17 (44) | |
| Previous history of mental health disorder | 0.009* | ||
| No | 410 (64) | 227 (36) | |
| Yes | 30 (48) | 33 (52) | |
| Family members with COVID-19 | 0.174* | ||
| No | 218 (65) | 115 (35) | |
| Yes | 222 (60) | 145 (40) | |
| Family member deceased due to COVID-19 | 0.182* | ||
| No | 357 (64) | 200 (36) | |
| Yes | 83 (58) | 60 (42) | |
| Search for mental health support | 0.002* | ||
| No | 398 (65) | 214 (35) | |
| Yes | 42 (48) | 46 (52) | |
| Loss of employment due to the COVID-19 pandemic | < 0.001* | ||
| Did not work | 243 (65) | 131 (35) | |
| Did not lose their job | 157 (69) | 69 (31) | |
| Did lose their job | 40 (40) | 60 (60) | |
| Anxiety symptoms | < 0.001* | ||
| No | 142 (74) | 49 (26) | |
| Mild | 173 (64) | 96 (36) | |
| Moderate | 77 (51) | 75 (49) | |
| Severe | 48 (55) | 40 (45) | |
| Depressive symptoms | < 0.001* | ||
| Minimum | 186 (74) | 65 (26) | |
| Mild | 130 (62) | 79 (38) | |
| Moderate | 69 (56) | 55 (44) | |
| Moderate to severe | 30 (44) | 38 (56) | |
| Severe | 25 (52) | 23 (48) | |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | < 0.001* | ||
| No | 392 (66) | 202 (34) | |
| Yes | 48 (45) | 58 (55) | |
| Insomnia*** | 16 (11–21) | 19 (15–24) | < 0.001** |
| Hypersomnia*** | 6 (4–8) | 6 (5–9) | < 0.001** |
| Resilience*** | 25 (13–31) | 24 (13–30) | 0.381** |
*P-value calculated with the chi-squared test
**P-value calculated with the Mann–Whitney U test
***Median (min–max value)