Table 4.
Characteristics associated with food insecurity in multivariate analysis
| Characteristics | Food insecurity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple regression | Multiple regression | |||||
| PR | 95% CI | p* | PR | 95% CI | p* | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Female | 1.17 | 1.02- 1.35 | 0.020 | 1.06 | 0.94- 1.19 | 0.280 |
| Adult/Older adult | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 0.90 | 0.71- 1.14 | 0.395 | |||
| Education level | ||||||
| Others | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Incomplete higher education/course | 1.06 | 0.92- 1.21 | 0.394 | 1.02 | 0.91- 1.16 | 0.644 |
| Complete higher education/postgraduate | 0.84 | 0.72- 0.98 | 0.029 | 0.84 | 0.68- 1.04 | 0.122 |
| Currently working | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 0.76 | 0.62- 0.94 | 0.011 | |||
| Religion | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 0.91 | 0.74- 1.12 | 0.416 | |||
| Previous comorbidity | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.21 | 1.14- 1.29 | < 0.001 | 1.03 | 0.92- 1.15 | 0.562 |
| COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 1.17 | 0.82- 1.68 | 0.377 | |||
| Time at home | ||||||
| 13–24 h | Ref | |||||
| 7–12 h | 0.97 | 0.88- 1.06 | 0.532 | |||
| 1–6 h | 1.20 | 0.78- 1.83 | 0.393 | |||
| Health perception | ||||||
| Very good | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Good | 1.54 | 1.13- 2.10 | 0.006 | 1.31 | 0.95- 1.80 | 0.096 |
| Fair | 2.10 | 1.76- 2.50 | < 0.000 | 1.60 | 1.23- 2.07 | < 0.001 |
| Bad | 1.91 | 1.09- 3.37 | 0.024 | 1.26 | 0.71- 2.22 | 0.417 |
| Very bad | 4.47 | 3.81- 5.25 | < 0.000 | 4.06 | 2.63- 6.26 | < 0.001 |
| Isolation measures | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | |||||
| No | 1.01 | 0.90- 1.14 | 0.759 | |||
| Pandemic severity | ||||||
| Neutral | Ref | |||||
| Very serious/serious | 1.04 | 0.88- 1.23 | 0.598 | |||
| Overestimated/Really overestimated | 1.23 | 0.74- 2.05 | 0.418 | |||
| Degree of confidence in the government to manage the pandemic | ||||||
| Neutral | Ref | |||||
| Much trust/some trust | 0.80 | 0.62- 1.02 | 0.078 | |||
| Some distrust/distrust | 1.07 | 0.86- 1.33 | 0.497 | |||
| Previous mental health disorder | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.46 | 1.13- 1.90 | 0.004 | 1.02 | 0.80- 1.31 | 0.819 |
| Family member with COVID-19 | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.14 | 1.00- 1.30 | 0.040 | 1.06 | 0.95- 1.17 | 0.253 |
| Family member deceased due to COVID-19 | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Yes | 1.16 | 0.95- 1.42 | 0.124 | |||
| Search for mental health support | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.49 | 1.23- 1.82 | < 0.001 | 1.42 | 1.25- 1.62 | < 0.001 |
| Loss of employment | ||||||
| Did not work | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Did not lose their job | 0.87 | 0.70- 1.07 | 0.205 | 1.10 | 0.89- 1.34 | 0.359 |
| Lost their job | 1.71 | 1.49- 1.96 | < 0.001 | 1.82 | 1.62- 2.04 | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety symptoms | ||||||
| No | Ref | |||||
| Mild | 1.39 | 1.03- 1.86 | 0.026 | |||
| Moderate | 1.92 | 1.36- 2.70 | < 0.000 | |||
| Severe | 1.77 | 1.27- 2.46 | 0.001 | |||
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||
| Minimum | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Mild | 1.45 | 1.06- 1.99 | 0.018 | 1.24 | 0.91- 1–69 | 0.167 |
| Moderate | 1.71 | 1.57- 1.86 | < 0.000 | 1.52 | 1.26- 1.83 | < 0.001 |
| Moderate to severe | 2.15 | 1.81- 2.56 | < 0.000 | 1.58 | 1.11- 2.27 | 0.011 |
| Severe | 1.85 | 1.40- 2.44 | < 0.000 | 1.16 | 0.63- 2.07 | 0.603 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.60 | 1.32- 1.95 | < 0.000 | 1.10 | 0.86- 1.40 | 0.417 |
| Insomnia | 1.04 | 1.03- 1.05 | < 0.001 | |||
| Hypersomnia | 1.06 | 1.04- 1.08 | < 0.001 | |||
| Resilience | 0.99 | 0.99- 1.00 | 0.215 | |||
*P-values obtained with generalized linear models using Poisson distribution, log-link function, robust variance, and places of residence as clusters