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. 2022 Oct 21;10(10):e005560. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005560

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Protumor roles of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs secrete factors into the tumor microenvironment and express membrane molecules that promote tumorigenesis by favoring tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis/lymphoangiogenesis, metastasis and immunosuppression. TAMs mediate immunosuppression through induction of regulatory T cells (Treg), inactivation of effector T cell function and inhibition of dendritic cell (DC) maturation. EGF, epithelial growth factor; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.