Abstract
Background
Little is known about α‐gal (galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose) sensitization in patients with chronic urticaria (CU). The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, predictors and clinical relevance of α‐gal sensitization in patients with CU.
Methods
Two consecutive cohorts of newly referred patients with CU from a primary care allergology practice and a tertiary hospital dermatology department, plus a control group with allergic disease, but not CU, from the allergology practice, were interviewed and screened for α‐gal sensitization (serum specific‐IgE ≥0.35 KU/L).
Results
Of 733 patients included, 21 (5.6%) and 11 (3.9%) of CU patients from private practice and hospital, respectively, were α‐gal sensitized. In total, 8 patients (38.1% of sensitized patients, and 2.1% of all CU patients) from private practice, and 2 patients (18.2% of sensitized patients, and 0.7% of all CU patients) from hospital, had clinically relevant α‐gal allergy. In private practice, male sex (47.6 vs. 24.7%), p = 0.020, obesity (33.3 vs. 23.6%), p = 0.302, and frequency of angioedema (61.9 vs. 51.4%), p = 0.350; and in hospital, male sex (72.7 vs. 27.9%), p = 0.003, and high total immunoglobulin E (median 168 vs. 70.5 KU/L), p = 0.022 were associated with α‐gal sensitization.
Conclusion
α‐gal sensitization is observed in a small fraction of CU patients with only few patients experiencing clinically relevant sensitization. Certain patients, particularly from primary care, may constitute a relevant population for aimed testing.
Keywords: α‐gal; alpha‐gal‐syndrome; galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose; IgE; red meat allergy; urticaria
To the Editor,
1.
Chronic urticaria (CU) is a severely itching skin disease characterized by wheals, angioedema or both for more than 6 weeks. Although the symptoms of CU are thought to be caused, at least in part, by auto‐allergic mechanisms mediated by formation of immunoglobulin E (IgE), for example, against thyroid peroxidase or IL‐24, 1 sensitization and/or allergy to external triggering factors are possibly not causative in CU. Still, allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever, 2 and sensitization to aeroallergens, 3 are more prevalent in patients with CU, and the exact implications of this for patients with CU are not completely understood.
The oligosaccharide α‐gal (galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose) is commonly expressed on non‐primate mammalian proteins and is capable of inducing delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema and urticaria after ingestion of red meat in patients with IgE specific for α‐gal. 4 , 5 , 6 Little is known about α‐gal sensitization in patients with CU. Therefore, we examined two consecutive cohorts of newly referred patients with CU from: (1) a primary care allergology practice (n = 373) and (2) a tertiary hospital dermatology department (n = 283) plus a control group with allergic disease, but not CU, from the allergology practice (n = 77) for the prevalence, predictors and relevance of α‐gal sensitization. Patients were interviewed and screened for α‐gal sensitization (serum specific‐IgE ≥0.35 KU/L) using the ImmunoCAP™ (ThermoFisher).
In total, 21 (5.6%) and 11 (3.9%) of CU patients from private practice and hospital, respectively, were α‐gal sensitized, that is, they had specific IgE ≥0.35 KU/L, (p = 0.362 for difference between private practice and hospital). Based on, respectively, a class 2 (IgE ≥0.70 KU/L), class 3 (IgE ≥3.50 KU/L) and class 4 (IgE ≥17.50 KU/L) positivity‐criterion, the prevalence of α‐gal sensitization was 4.8%, 2.4% and 1.9% in private practice, and 2.8%, 1.4% and 0.4% in hospital. In total, 8 patients (38.1% of sensitized patients, and 2.1% of all CU patients) from private practice, and 2 patients (18.2% of sensitized patients, and 0.7% of all CU patients) from hospital, had relevant α‐gal allergy, respectively, judged on whether they had experienced systemic anaphylaxis, urticaria and/or angioedema up to 12 h after consumption of red meat. Levels of α‐gal‐IgE were numerically higher, but not statistically significantly different, in patients with relevant allergy compared to non‐allergic sensitized patients (median 36.95 vs. 1.81 KU/L, p = 0.108 in private practice; and 26.85 vs. 1.47 KU/L, p = 0.111 in hospital) and the fraction of relevant α‐gal sensitized patients was not higher in patients with higher IgE positivity classes. Among control patients from private practice the prevalence of α‐gal sensitization was 5.2% (n = 4) and none of these were relevant, p = 0.879 for difference from CU patients.
The following factors were the most evident discriminators between α‐gal sensitized and non‐sensitized patients from, respectively, private practice: male sex (47.6 vs. 24.7%), p = 0.020, obesity (33.3 vs. 23.6%), p = 0.302, and frequency of angioedema (61.9 vs. 51.4%), p = 0.350; and from hospital: male sex (72.7 vs. 27.9%), p = 0.003, and high total IgE (median 168 vs. 70.5 KU/L), p = 0.022 (Table 1).
TABLE 1.
Characteristics of chronic urticaria and non‐urticaria patients from private allergology practice and tertiary dermatology hospital department according to α‐gal sensitization status
| Private allergology practice, n = 450 | Dermatology hospital department, n = 283 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic urticaria, n = 373 | Non‐urticaria, n = 77 | Chronic urticaria, n = 283 | ||||
| α‐gal sensitized | α‐gal non‐sensitized | α‐gal sensitized | α‐gal non‐sensitized | α‐gal sensitized | α‐gal non‐sensitized | |
| n = 21 (5.6%) | n = 352 (94.4%) | n = 4 (5.2%) | n = 73 (96.1%) | n = 11 (3.9%) | n = 272 (96.1%) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 11 (52.4) | 265 (75.3) | 2 (50.0) | 40 (54.8) | 3 (27.3) | 196 (72.1) |
| Male | 10 (47.6) | 87 (24.7) | 2 (50.0) | 33 (45.2) | 8 (72.7) | 76 (27.9) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 54.0 (16.1) | 45 (17.8) | 68.2 (16.8) | 48.1 (17.0) | 33.8 (16.2) | 38.2 (17.1) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2), n (%) | 7 (33.3) | 83 (23.6) | 0 (0) | 18 (24.7) | N/A | N/A |
| Ever smoking, n (%) | 9 (42.9) | 160 (45.5) | 2 (50.0) | 29 (39.7) | 5 (45.5) | 111 (40.8) |
| Family history of CU, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2 (18.2) | 51 (18.8) |
| Urticaria subtype, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| CSU | 7 (63.6) | 165 (60.7) | ||||
| CINDU | 2 (18.2) | 46 (16.9) | ||||
| CSU + CINDU | 2 (18.2) | 61 (22.4) | ||||
| Age at onset, mean (SD) | 46.9 (19.8) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 29.9 (16.2) | 33.1 (17.3) |
| Angioedema, n (%) | 13 (61.9) | 181 (51.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (45.5) | 119 (43.8) |
| PRO‐score, mean (SD) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| UAS7 | 24.3 (16.6) | 21.4 (14.1) | ||||
| UCT | 4.3 (3.9) | 6.0 (4.2) | ||||
| DLQI | 8.7 (5.3) | 8.8 (6.7) | ||||
| VAS | 6.3 (3.5) | 6.0 (2.8) | ||||
| Laboratory tests, median (min‐max) | N/A | N/A | ||||
| Eosinophils (E9/L) | 0.20 (0.07–8.13) | 0.32 (0.17–0.72) | 0.13 (0.06–0.33) | 0.14 (0.00–0.96) | ||
| Basophils (E9/L) | 0.04 (0.00–0.10) | 0.06 (0.03–0.07) | 0.04 (0.01–0.06) | 0.04 (0.00–0.17) | ||
| Neutrophils (E9/L) | 3.90 (2.50–6.50) | 3.77 (3.50–5.00) | 2.69 (2.00–7.51) | 3.70 (1.45–12.6) | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | 1 (1.00–23.00) | 1 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–11.00) | 1.00 (1.00–60.00) | ||
| Total IgE (KU/L) | 233 (28–4.840) | 103 (103–103) | 168 (15–1.280) | 70.50 (1.00–12.800) | ||
| TSH (E‐3 IU/L) | 1.73 (0.75–3.42) | 1.15 (1.08–1.21) | 1.19 (0.31–4.01) | 1.42 (0.01–8.16) | ||
| Positive BHRA, n (%) | N/A | N/A | 1 (9.1) | 30 (11.0) | ||
| Clinically relevant, n (%) | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||
| Yes | 8 (38.1) | 0 | 2 (18.2) | |||
| No | 6 (28.6) | 3 (75.0) | 7 (63.6) | |||
| Information unavailable | 7 (33.3) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (18.2) | |||
Note: Numbers are calculated from available data. Categorical variables are number (percentage) and continuous variables are mean (standard deviation, SD). Criterion for α‐gal sensitization is serum specific‐IgE >0.34 KU/L.
Abbreviations: BHRA, basophil histamine‐release assay; BMI, body mass index; CINDU, chronic inducible urticaria; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CSU, chronic spontaneous urticaria; CU, chronic urticaria; DLQI, dermatology life quality index; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; UAS7, urticaria activity score over 7 days; UCT, urticaria control test; VAS, visual analogue scale.
Among α‐gal sensitized CU patients from hospital with available data on specific IgE against meat (n = 8), 4 (50%) were also sensitized to beef, 4 (50%) were also sensitized pork, and 3 (37.5%) were also sensitized to lamb, whereas 4 (50%) were sensitized to at least one of these. Furthermore, 6 patients (54.5%) had a history of tick bite but none had ever been diagnosed or suspected infected with borrelia, and none had elevated IgG against borrelia.
Maurer et al. 7 reported a prevalence of α‐gal sensitization of 2.4% in 83 patients with CU and no association between ingestion of red meat and development of subsequent delayed urticaria symptoms. In contrast, Pollack et al. 8 found that 9 (60%) of 15 α‐gal sensitized CU patients had remission of urticaria symptoms due to avoidance of red meat or other mammalian‐derived food products. We have previously found that the prevalence of α‐gal sensitization (specific IgE ≥0.35 KU/L) in the general population from Copenhagen was 1.8%, and with higher age, cat ownership, positive skin prick test to common aeroallergens, and previous history of tick bite as statistically significant predictors in multivariable analysis for α‐gal positivity. 9 Further, male sex was also a statistically significant predictor when the threshold for α‐gal positivity was lowered to IgE ≥0.10 KU/L.
In conclusion, we found that the prevalence of α‐gal sensitization among CU patients in private allergology practice and tertiary hospital dermatology department was low; 5.6% and 3.9%, respectively, with only few patients experiencing clinically relevant sensitization with allergic symptoms upon ingestion of red meat, respectively. Male sex and high total IgE levels were significant predictors of α‐gal sensitization. Particularly, the number of CU patients needed to screen to detect one case of clinically relevant α‐gal allergy was 46 (373/8) and 141 (283/2) in private practice and hospital, respectively. These results suggest that routine screening for α‐gal‐sensitization in patients with CU is relatively resource‐demanding and that only a small subgroup of patients, particularly from primary care, with certain characteristics, may constitute a relevant population for aimed testing. A potential role of known allergy to external triggers as a driver of auto‐allergy in CU needs further elucidation.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Helena Swee‐Lin Trige Pedersen drafted the manuscript, made substantial contributions to the design, the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, revised the manuscript for intellectual content, approved the final version, and is accountable for all aspects of the work. Jennifer Astrup Sørensen, Flemming Madsen, Allan Linneberg, Katja Biering Leth‐Møller and Christian Vestergaard made substantial contributions to the design, the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, revised the manuscript for intellectual content, approved the final version, and is accountable for all aspects of the work. Simon Francis Thomsen initiated the work, made substantial contributions to the design, the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, revised the manuscript for intellectual content, approved the final version, and is accountable for all aspects of the work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
FUNDING INFORMATION
Independent Research Fund Denmark, Grant/Award Number: 2034‐00031B.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Katja Biering Leth‐Møller is funded by a grant from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (2034‐00031B).
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