Model 1 Instrumental	Model 2 Financial
Parent’s Characteristics
Demographic controls	Yes	Yes
Rural residence	1.78***	0.57*
Proximity (ref=co-reside)
<30 miles	0.47***	0.75
30 to <200 miles	0.23***	0.68
200 to <500 miles	0.12***	0.48*
500 miles or more	0.07***	1.06
Poor health 2009	0.93	0.85
Limitation 2009	1.72***	1.17
Child’s Characteristics
Demographic controls	Yes	Yes

^***p<0.001,

^**p<0.01,

^*p<0.05,

⁺p<0.10

All models are weighted and clustered at the family level. Parental demographic controls include age, race/ethnicity, gender, union status; adult child demographic controls include age, gender, union status, number of adult siblings.