TABLE 4. 24-hour urinary sodium excretion according to knowledge, attitudes and salt-related behavior.
|
Variable |
n (%) |
pa |
Sodium intake (g/day) |
Salt intake (g/day) |
pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Knowledge | |||||
|
Maximum daily amount of salt recommended | |||||
|
Less than 10 g |
4 (2.5) |
<0.0001 |
5.1±0.8 |
12.7±2.0 |
0.31 |
|
Less than 8 g |
4 (2.5) |
3.2±0.8 |
8.1±1.9 |
||
|
Less than 5 g |
10 (6.3) |
3.1±0.5 |
7.7±1.3 |
||
|
Less than 2 g |
19 (12.0) |
3.8±0.4 |
9.6±0.9 |
||
|
Don’t know |
122 (76.7) |
3.7±0.2 |
9.3±0.4 |
||
|
Do you think that a high salt intake could cause health problems? | |||||
|
Agree |
140 (88.1) |
<0.0001 |
3.7±0.1 |
9.3±0.3 |
0.44 |
|
Do not agree |
19 (12.0) |
4.0±0.4 |
10.0±0.9 |
||
|
If yes, what problems? | |||||
|
High blood pressure | |||||
|
Yes |
129 (92.1) |
<0.0001 |
3.6±0.1 |
9.1±0.4 |
0.48 |
|
No |
11 (7.9) |
4.0±0.5 |
10.0±1.1 |
||
|
Heart attacks | |||||
|
Yes |
16 (11.4) |
<0.0001 |
3.4±0.4 |
8.5±0.9 |
0.39 |
|
No |
124 (88.6) |
3.7±0.1 |
9.3±0.3 |
||
|
Osteoporosis | |||||
|
Yes |
46 (32.9) |
<0.0001 |
3.4±0.2 |
8.4±0.5 |
0.07 |
|
No |
94 (67.1) |
3.8±1.2 |
9.6±0.4 |
||
|
Stroke | |||||
|
Yes |
10 (7.1) |
<0.0001 |
3.6±0.5 |
8.9±1.2 |
078 |
|
No |
130 (92.9) |
3.7±0.1 |
9.2±0.3 |
||
|
Stomach cancer | |||||
|
Yes |
42 (30.0) |
<0.0001 |
3.5±0.2 |
8.7±0.6 |
0.28 |
|
No |
98 (70.0) |
3.8±0.2 |
9.4±0.4 |
||
|
Kidney stones | |||||
|
Yes |
2 (1.4) |
<0.0001 |
3.0±1.0 |
7.5±2.6 |
0.49 |
|
No |
138 (98.6) |
3.7±0.1 |
9.2±0.3 |
||
|
Attitude | |||||
|
Knowledge of salt content in foods | |||||
|
Yes |
95 (59.8) |
0.014 |
3.7±0.2 |
9.3±0.4 |
0.90 |
|
No |
64 (40.3) |
3.8±0.2 |
9.4±0.5 |
||
|
How much salt do you think you consume? | |||||
|
Too much |
22 (13.8) |
<0.0001 |
3.8±0.3 |
9.4±0.8 |
0.99 |
|
Just the right amount |
108 (67.9) |
3.8±0.2 |
9.4±0.4 |
||
|
Not enough |
29 (18.2) |
3.7±0.3 |
9.3±0.7 |
||
|
How important to you is lowering salt in your diet? | |||||
|
Very important |
116 (73.0) |
<0.0001 |
3.8±0.2 |
9.4±0.4 |
0.89 |
|
Not important |
42 (27.0) |
3.7±0.2 |
9.3±0.6 |
||
|
I try to eat a healthy diet daily | |||||
|
Agree |
128 (80.5) |
<0.0001 |
3.5±0.1 |
8.8±0.3 |
0.07 |
|
Do not agree |
31 (19.5) |
4.1±0.3 |
10.2±0.7 |
||
|
Perceive oneself to be in good health? | |||||
|
Agree |
116 (73.0) |
<0.0001 |
3.6±0.1 |
9.0±0.4 |
0.71 |
|
Do not agree |
43 (27.0) |
3.7±0.2 |
9.3±0.6 |
||
|
Behavior | |||||
|
How often you add salt to food when cooking or preparing food? | |||||
|
Most of the times |
114 (71.7) |
<0.0001 |
3.8±0.2 |
9.4±0.4 |
0.87 |
|
Sometimes |
20 (12.6) |
3.6±0.4 |
9.0±0.9 |
||
|
Never |
25 (15.7) |
3.8±0.3 |
9.6±0.8 |
||
|
How often you add salt to food at the table? | |||||
|
Most of the times |
15 (9.4) |
<0.0001 |
3.2±0.4 |
7.9±1.0 |
0.064 |
|
Sometimes |
26 (16.4) |
4.3±0.3 |
10.8±0.8 |
||
|
Never |
118 (74.2) |
3.7±0.2 |
9.3±0.4 |
||
|
Double-discretionary use of salt (when cooking and at the table) | |||||
|
Yes |
13 (8.2) |
<0.0001 |
3.2±0.4 |
7.9±1.1 |
0.17 |
|
No |
146 (91.8) |
3.8±0.1 |
9.5±0.3 |
||
|
Take regular action to control your salt intake? | |||||
|
Yes |
84 (52.8) |
0.48 |
3.6±0.2 |
9.0±0.4 |
0.94 |
|
No |
75 (47.2) |
3.6±0.2 |
9.1±0.5 |
||
|
If yes, what do you do? c | |||||
|
Avoid consumption of processed foods | |||||
|
Yes |
67 (79.8) |
<0.0001 |
3.4±0.2 |
8.4±0.4 |
0.15 |
|
No |
17 (20.2) |
3.9±0.3 |
9.8±0.9 |
||
|
Check labels for sodium level | |||||
|
Yes |
56 (66.7) |
0.0023 |
3.5±0.2 |
8.8±0.5 |
0.86 |
|
No |
28 (33.3) |
3.4±0.3 |
8.6±0.7 |
||
|
Buy low-sodium alternatives | |||||
|
Yes |
50 (59.5) |
0.08 |
3.4±0.2 |
8.4±0.5 |
0.40 |
|
No |
34 (40.5) |
3.6±0.2 |
9.1±0.6 |
||
|
Use spices and herbs other than salt | |||||
|
Yes |
66 (78.7) |
<0.0001 |
3.6±0.2 |
9.1±0.4 |
0.09 |
|
No |
18 (21.4) |
2.9±0.3 |
7.4±0.9 |
||
|
Avoid eating out | |||||
|
Yes |
61 (72.6) |
<0.0001 |
3.4±0.2 |
8.6±0.5 |
0.53 |
|
No |
23 (27.4) |
3.6±0.3 |
9.1±0.7 |
||
Chi-square test.
p-value for the difference in the frequency of response. General linear models.
Models were adjusted for sex (female, male), body mass index (normal, overweight, obesity) and age.
Many answers were possible.
Source: The authors based on these results and published data.