Table 1.
The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate.
| Enzyme | Abbreviation | Gene | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xylosyltransferase | Xyl-T | XylT | Transfer xylose to core protein | [126] |
| Galactosyltransferase 1 | Gal-T1 | B4galT7 | Transfer 1st galactose | [127] |
| Galactosyltransferase 2 | Gal-T2 | B3galT6 | Transfer 2nd galactose | [127] |
| Glucuronytransferase 1 | GlcA-T1 | B3gat3 | Transfer first glucoronic acid | [128] |
| N-acetylated glucusamyltransferase 1 | EXTL2 | Extl2 | Transfer first N-acetyl glucosamine | [129] |
| Polymerase | EXT | Extl1/2 | Transfer alternate GlcA and GlcNAc | [130] |
| N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase | NDST | Ndst1-4 | N-deacetylation and sulfation of GlcNAc | [131] |
| Glucuorynyl C5-epimerase | Hsepi | Glce | Epimerization of GlcA to IdoA | [132] |
| Hexuronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase | HS2OST | Hs2st | Sulfation of IdoA and GlcA at C2 | [133] |
| Glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase | HS6OST | Hs6st1-3 | Sulfation of GlcN at C6 | [134] |
| Glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase | HS3OST | Hs3st1-6 | Sulfation of GlcN at C3 | [22] |