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. 2022 Oct 23;8(1):11–19. doi: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.10.002

Table 1.

The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate.

Enzyme Abbreviation Gene Function Reference
Xylosyltransferase Xyl-T XylT Transfer xylose to core protein [126]
Galactosyltransferase 1 Gal-T1 B4galT7 Transfer 1st galactose [127]
Galactosyltransferase 2 Gal-T2 B3galT6 Transfer 2nd galactose [127]
Glucuronytransferase 1 GlcA-T1 B3gat3 Transfer first glucoronic acid [128]
N-acetylated glucusamyltransferase 1 EXTL2 Extl2 Transfer first N-acetyl glucosamine [129]
Polymerase EXT Extl1/2 Transfer alternate GlcA and GlcNAc [130]
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase NDST Ndst1-4 N-deacetylation and sulfation of GlcNAc [131]
Glucuorynyl C5-epimerase Hsepi Glce Epimerization of GlcA to IdoA [132]
Hexuronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase HS2OST Hs2st Sulfation of IdoA and GlcA at C2 [133]
Glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase HS6OST Hs6st1-3 Sulfation of GlcN at C6 [134]
Glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase HS3OST Hs3st1-6 Sulfation of GlcN at C3 [22]