Figure 2.

Association between psychosocial resilience factors and mental responses.

The figure illustrates our findings on psychosocial resilience factors during the pandemic. Circles present outcomes assessed per publication report. Bright colors indicate a significant association of the respective factor with better mental health (i.e., more favorable trajectories or lower mean levels of mental distress), while faded colors indicate that the outcome was assessed, but the association with the respective factor was nonsignificant. Half-colored circles indicate mixed findings for mean levels and changes over time. Red letters indicate that effects pointed in the opposite direction (i.e., higher levels of the respective resilience factor were associated with less favorable mental responses). Reports not using trajectory modeling are in gray. In case more than one effect size estimate was available per study for a specific resilience factor, we present findings of the most comprehensive model (i.e., a model controlling for other resilience factors or covariates) to address the unique predictive value of a specific factor. Abbreviations: A, anxiety symptoms; D, depressive symptoms; G, general mental distress; I, internalizing symptoms (anxiety and depressive symptoms); L, loneliness; NA, negative affect; P, post-traumatic stress symptoms; S, stressor reactivity approach (i.e., resilient functioning). Data from [37,44,45,51,52,67., 68., 69., 70., 71., 72., 73., 74., 75., 76., 77., 78., 79., 80., 81., 82., 83., 84., 85., 86., 87., 88., 89.].