Table 2.
Overview of studies examining pandemic-related mental health changes using a trajectory-based approacha, b
| Study | Country | Subsample | No. of assessments | Start | Until | N | No. of trajectories | Classification in our analysis | Higher age associated with | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahrens et al. 2020, 2021 | Germany | Adults | 9 (+) | Mixed | 2020/05 | 523 | 3 | Resilience, recovery, delayed |
 (G) |
[45,46] |
| Batterham et al. 2021 | Australia | Adults | 7 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/06 | 1296 | 3–4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
 (A)/(D) |
[116] |
| Carr et al. 2022 | UK | Adults | 4 (–) | 2020/04 | 2021/04 | 2241 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(A)/(D) |
[53] |
| Chen et al. 2022 | China | Adults | 4 (–) | 2020/04 | 2020/10 | 326 | 3 | Resilience, recovery, chronic |
 (A)/(D)/(P) |
[75] |
| Ellwardt et al. 2021 | UK | Adults | 9 (+) | Pre-COVID | 2021/03 | 15 914 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, chronic, moderate stable |
(G) |
[117] |
| Fernández et al. 2022 | Argentina | Adults | 5 (–) | 2020/04 | 2021/08 | 832 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed |
(G) |
[52] |
| Gambin et al. 2021 | Poland | Adults | 5 (–) | 2020/05 | 2021/04 | 1100 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(I) |
[51] |
| Hemi et al. 2022c | Israel | Adults | 3 (–) | 2020/05 | 2021/05 | 571 | 2–4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(A)/(D) |
[80] |
| Hyland et al. 2021 | Ireland | Adults | 4 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/12 | 1041 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(I) |
[87] |
| Joshi et al. 2021 | Canada | Adults | 6 (–) | 2020/04 | 2020/11 | 579 | 2 | Resilience, delayed |
(D) |
[79] |
| Kimhi et al. 2021 | Israel | Adults | 3 (–) | 2020/05 | 2020/10 | 804 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(A)/(D) |
[118] |
| Laham et al. 2021 | France | Adults | 4 (–) | 2020/05 | 2021/04 | 680 | 4 | Resilience, chronic, moderate stable | – | [119] |
| Lopez-Castro et al. 2022c | USA | Adults | 4 (–) | 2020/04 | 2021/07 | 1206 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(P) |
[120] |
| Lu et al. 2022 | France | Adults | 3 (+) | 2014–2019 | 2020/10–12 | 613 | 2–3 | Resilience, delayed, moderate stable |
(A)/(D) |
[121] |
| McPherson et al. 2021 | UK | Adults | 3 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/06 | 1943 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(A)/(D) |
[76] |
| Pellerin et al. 2022 | France | Adults | 5 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/11 | 1399 | 3-4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(A)/(D) |
[81] |
| Reis et al. 2022 | Germany | Adults | 4 (–) | 2020/04 | 2021/01 | 2063 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic |
(A)/(D) |
[89] |
| Saunders et al. 2021 | UK | Adults | 16 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/07 | 21 938 | 4–5 | Resilience, recovery, chronic, moderate stable |
(A)/(D) |
[122] |
| Shahar et al. 2022 | Israel | Adults | 7 (+) | 2020/02 | 2020/04 | 991 | 4 | Resilience, delayed, chronic, moderate stable |
(A) |
[123] |
| Shevlin et al. 2021 | UK | Adults | 5 (–) | 2020/03 | 2021/04–05 | 2025 | 5 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic, moderate stable |
(I) |
[77] |
| Shilton et al. 2021c | Israel, USA | Adults | 3 (–) | 2020/04 | 2020/09 | 1362 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic | – | [88] |
| Zhou et al. 2022 | USA | Adults | 3 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/07 | 488 | 4 | Adults: resilience, recovery, chronic, moderate stable | – | [124] |
| Hawke et al. 2021 | Canada | Young adults | 5 (+) | 2020/01 | 2020/10 | 619 | 4 | Recovery, chronic, moderate stable | – | [125] |
| Lin et al. 2021 | China | Young adults | 2 (–) | 2020/05 | 2020/07 | 241 | 4 | Resilience, recovery, delayed, chronic | – | [86] |
| Tan et al. 2020 | China | Young adults | 3 (+) | 2020/01 | 2020/03 | 812 | 3 | Resilience, recovery, chronic |
(A) |
[126] |
| Wang et al. 2022 | China | Young adults | 3 (+) | 2020/02 | 2020/06 | 2352 | 2 | Resilience, recovery | – | [83] |
| Zhang et al. 2021 | China | Young adults | 7 (–) | 2020/03 | 2020/03 | 391 | 2 | Recovery, chronic | – | [82] |
| Raina et al. 2021 | Canada | Older adults | 4 (+) | 2012–2015 | 2020/12 | 20 478 | 3 | Resilience, delayed, chronic |
(D) |
[66] |
a
, older age was associated with more favorable mental distress trajectory membership/probability; , no association between age and mental distress trajectory membership/probability; , older age was associated with less favorable mental distress trajectory membership/probability; (–), no pre-pandemic assessment; (+), pre-pandemic assessment (before March 11, 2020).
b
Abbreviations: A, anxiety symptoms; D, depressive symptoms; G, general mental distress; I, internalizing symptoms; P, post-traumatic stress symptoms.
c
Preprint.