Table 1.

the relevance of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in Covid-19

NLRP3 inhibitors	The mechanisms	References	Relevance in Covid-19	Refs.
Natural products
Parthenolide	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome ATPase	42	Cytokine storm inhibition	43
Oridonin	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome cysteine 279	43	Cytokine storm inhibition	43
Resveratrol	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome	66	Inhibition of autophagy, cytokine storm, ACE2 upregulation	67
NSAIDs
Mefenamic acid	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome via membrane volume anion chloride channel suppression	44	Reduction of viral entry through inhibition of transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)	45
Aspirin	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome	46	Reduction in patient's mortality rate with Covid-19 pneumonia	47
Indomethacin	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome	48	Anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities	49,50
Anti-diabetic drugs
Glyburide	Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome	55	Anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities with upregulation of ACE2	58,59
Metformin	Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, block caspase-1 and GSDMD-N	57	Inhibition of cytokine storm and upregulation of ACE2	61
Lipid-lowering drugs
Pioglitazone	Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome	60	Anti-inflammatory effects	52
Omega-3 fatty acids	Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome through down-streaming of scaffold protein β-arrestin-2	51	Reduced death in Covid-19 patients by 30%.
Statins	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome, Regulation of molecular platform of ATP signaling, cathepsin-B, lysosomal function, blocking of pregnane x receptors (PXR).	69-72	Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines release so as to reduce Covid-19 severity	73
Others
Tranilast	Prevents the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome	62	Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines release so as to reduce	63
Colchicine	Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome, neutrophil recruitments and adhesion molecules	64	Covid-19 severity	65