Table 2.
Unadjusted Analysis of the Association Between Pubertal Stage, Weight Status, and Individual Cardiometabolic Risk Factor and Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
| Variables | High blood pressure (n = 32), n (%) | No high blood pressure (n = 301), n (%) | P | Central obesity (n = 87), n (%) | No central obesity (n = 246), n (%) | P | Hypertriglyceridemia (n = 114), n (%) | No hypertriglyceridemia (n = 219), n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0.23 | 0.30 | <0.05* | ||||||
| 8–12 | 19 (59.4) | 145 (48.2) | 47 (54.0) | 117 (47.6) | 70 (61.4) | 94 (42.9) | |||
| 13–18 | 13 (40.6) | 156 (51.8) | 40 (46.0) | 129 (52.4) | 44 (38.6) | 125 (57.1) | |||
| Sex | <0.05* | 0.83 | <0.05* | ||||||
| Male | 24 (75.0) | 140 (46.5) | 42 (48.3) | 122 (49.6) | 73 (64.0) | 91 (41.6) | |||
| Female | 8 (25.0) | 161 (53.5) | 45 (51.7) | 124 (50.4) | 41 (36.0) | 128 (58.5) | |||
| Tanner stage | 0.19 | 0.17 | <0.05* | ||||||
| 1 | 8 (25.0) | 66 (21.9) | 17 (19.5) | 57 (23.2) | 31 (27.2) | 43 (19.6) | |||
| 2 | 5 (15.6) | 35 (11.6) | 17 (19.5) | 23 (9.4) | 26 (22.8) | 14 (6.4) | |||
| 3 | 11 (34.4) | 61 (20.3) | 17 (19.5) | 55 (22.5) | 22 (19.3) | 50 (22.8) | |||
| 4 | 7 (21.9) | 109 (36.2) | 29 (33.3) | 87 (35.4) | 28 (24.6) | 88 (40.2) | |||
| 5 | 1 (3.1) | 30 (10.0) | 7 (8.1) | 24 (9.8) | 7 (6.1) | 24 (11.0) | |||
| Weight category | 0.19 | <0.05* | 0.04* | ||||||
| Normal | 12 (37.5) | 150 (49.8) | 4 (4.6) | 158 (64.2) | 30 (26.3) | 132 (60.3) | |||
| Overweight/obesity | 20 (62.5) | 151 (50.2) | 83 (95.4) | 88 (35.8) | 84 (73.7) | 87 (39.7) | |||
| Anxiety/depression | 0.36 | 0.87 | 0.17 | ||||||
| No | 27 (84.4) | 270 (89.7) | 78 (89.7) | 219 (89.0) | 98 (86.0) | 199 (90.9) | |||
| Yes | 5 (15.6) | 31 (10.3) | 9 (10.3) | 27 (11.0) | 16 (14.0) | 20 (9.1) | |||
| Family history of diabetes | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.96 | ||||||
| No | 18 (56.3) | 193 (64.1) | 51 (58.6) | 160 (65.0) | 72 (63.2) | 139 (63.5) | |||
| Yes | 14 (43.8) | 108 (35.9) | 36 (41.4) | 86 (35.0) | 42 (36.8) | 80 (36.5) |
| Variables | Low HDL-C (n = 70), n (%) | No Low HDL-C (n = 263), n (%) | P | Insulin resistance (n = 130), n (%) | No insulin resistance (n = 203), n (%) | P | Clustering of CMRFs (≥3 CMRF) (N = 64), n (%) | No clustering of CMRFs (n = 269), n (%) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years |
|
|
0.89 |
|
|
0.82 |
|
|
0.07 |
|
| 8–12 |
35 (50.0) |
129 (49.1) |
|
63 (48.5) |
101 (49.8) |
|
38 (59.4) |
126 (46.8) |
|
|
| 13–18 |
35 (50.0) |
134 (51.0) |
|
67 (51.5) |
102 (50.3) |
|
26 (40.6) |
143 (53.2) |
|
|
| Gender |
|
|
0.50 |
|
|
0.04* |
|
|
0.49 |
|
| Male |
37 (52.9) |
127 (48.3) |
|
55 (42.3) |
109 (53.7) |
|
34 (53.1) |
130 (48.3) |
|
|
| Female |
33 (47.1) |
136 (51.7) |
|
75 (57.7) |
94 (46.3) |
|
30 (46.9) |
139 (51.7) |
|
|
| Tanner stage |
|
|
0.40 |
|
|
0.03* |
|
|
0.02* |
|
| 1 |
13 (18.6) |
61 (23.2) |
|
17 (13.1) |
57 (28.1) |
|
11 (17.2) |
63 (23.4) |
|
|
| 2 |
13 (18.6) |
27 (10.3) |
|
18 (13.9) |
22 (10.8) |
|
15 (23.4) |
25 (9.3) |
|
|
| 3 |
15 (21.4) |
57 (21.7) |
|
32 (24.6) |
40 (19.7) |
|
16 (25.0) |
45 (20.8) |
|
|
| 4 |
22 (31.4) |
94 (35.7) |
|
48 (36.9) |
68 (33.5) |
|
19 (30.0) |
97 (36.1) |
|
|
| 5 |
7 (10.0) |
24 (9.1) |
|
15 (11.5) |
16 (7.9) |
|
3 (4.7) |
28 (10.4) |
|
|
| Weight category |
|
|
<0.05* |
|
|
<0.05* |
|
|
<0.05* |
|
| Normal |
11 (15.7) |
151 (57.4) |
|
31 (23.9) |
131 (64.5) |
|
1 (1.56) |
161 (60.0) |
|
|
| Overweight/obesity |
59 (84.3) |
112 (42.6) |
|
99 (76.2) |
72 (35.5) |
|
63 (98.4) |
108 (40.2) |
|
|
| Anxiety/depression |
|
|
0.85 |
|
|
0.73 |
|
|
0.35 |
|
| No |
62 (88.6) |
235 (89.4) |
|
115 (88.5) |
182 (89.7) |
|
55 (85.9) |
242 (90.0) |
|
|
| Yes |
8 (11.4) |
28 (10.7) |
|
15 (11.5) |
21 (10.3) |
|
9 (14.1) |
27 (10.0) |
|
|
| Family history of diabetes |
|
|
0.71 |
|
|
<0.05* |
|
|
0.11 |
|
| No |
43 (61.4) |
168 (63.9) |
|
70 (53.9) |
141 (69.5) |
|
29 (45.3) |
176 (65.4) |
|
|
| Yes | 27 (38.6) | 95 (36.1) | 60 (46.2) | 62 (30.5) | 35 (54.7) | 93 (34.6) |
High blood pressure: Systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile adjusted for height, age, and gender.
Central obesity: WC ≥90th percentile for age.
Hypertriglyceridemia: Triglycerides ≥90th percentile adjusted for age and gender.
Low HDL-C: HDL-C ≤10th percentile adjusted for age and gender.
Insulin resistance: HOMA-IR ≥2.6.
*
P < 0.05.
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; WC, waist circumference.