Table 1.

Anti-Campylobacter Probiotics in Poultry

Probiotic	Concentration	Evidence	Gene/protein	Refs.
In vivo
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum 25–3T	109 CFU lyophilized/kg	Campylobacter spp. reduction in cecum.	n.i.	Eeckhaut et al (2016)
Lactobacillus salivarius SMXD51	Suspension 107 CFU	2.81 log reduction of Campylobacter in cecum.	↑ IL-8, β-defensin 2, and CXC chemokine (K60)	Saint-Cyr et al (2017)
Lavipan (L. lactis, C. divergens, Lactobacillus casei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae)		Lower Campylobacter spp. levels in GIT of birds, decreased environmental contamination, and increased meat hygiene.	n.i.	Smialek et al, (2018)
S. cerevisiae boulardii (CNCM I-1079)	1 × 109 CFU/kg	Villi length and crypt depth, increased BW, lower Campylobacter spp. from fecal and cecal samples.	n.i.	Massacci et al (2019)
Lactobacillus gallinarum PL53	∼108 CFU	Competitive exclusion, lower Campylobacter jejuni loads in cloacal and cecal swabs.	n.i.	Khan (2019)
Probiotic + OA	0.5 kg/ton	In vivo, 1.2 log reduction in Campylobacter coli in ceca.	n.i.	Mortada et al (2020)
In vitro
Lactobacillus spp. (PCS20, PCS22, PCS25, LGG, PCK9)	1 × 108 CFU/mL	Reduced C. jejuni adhesion, invasion, and translocation to chicken (B1OXI) and functional pig (PSI cl.1 and CLAB) cell line.	n.i.	Šikić Pogačar et al (2020)
E. faecium, B. animalis, and P. acidilactici	Dilution ratio of 1:1	Decreased gentamicin-resistant C. coli (CCGR) proliferation.	n.i.	Mortada et al (2020)
L. reuteri	Dilution ratio of 5:1	Inhibition of gentamicin-resistant C. coli (CCGR).

BW, body weight; GIT, gastrointestinal tract; n.i., not identified.