Table 2.
Anti-Campylobacter Probiotics, Evidence at Preclinical Level
| Probiotic | Concentration | Evidence | Gene/protein | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | ||||
| Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 and goat milk oligosaccharides | 5 mg/mL | Reduced Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 invasion and adhesion of HT-29 cells. | n.i. | Quinn et al (2020) |
| Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 | 1 × 108 CFU 200/μL | Inhibits adhesion/coaggregative phenotype, cell surface aggregation—promoting factors (APF1) responsible for the competitive exclusion. | ↑ APF | Nishiyama et al (2015) |
| Lactobacillus spp. mixture (L. crispatus, L. johnsonii, L. salivarius, and L. gasseri, L. reuteri) | 108 CFU | Immunomodulatory activity, decreased virulence-associated factors, blocked production of C. jejuni quorum-sensing autoinducer-2, and reduced in vitro invasion in Caco-2 cells. | ↓ ciaB, flhA, flaA, flab, luxS, ↑ IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12p40, CXCLi2, CD40, CD80, and CD86 | Taha-Abdelaziz et al (2019) |
| Cell-free culture supernatants of genetically modified L. casei | 2 × 106 CFU/mL | Reduced bacterial growth, invasion and adherence of HeLa and HD-11 cells. | ↓ciaB, cdtB, cadF, ↑ flaB | Tabashsum et al (2018) |
| Preclinical | ||||
| Aviguard® formulation | 1 g dissolved in 10 mL of PBS and each subject perorally received 0.3 mL of the bacterial suspension, 109 CFU/g | In vivo disease-alleviating effects by attenuating the apoptotic cell responses from the C. jejuni 81–176-infected large intestine sections. | ↓ IFN-γ, TNF-α | Heimesaat et al (2021) |
| L. johnsonii | 108 CFU | Immunomodulatory effects in C. jejuni 81–176-infected C57BL/6j mice. | ↓ NO, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, NOD | Bereswill et al (2017) |
| VSL3 mixture | 109 Viable bacteria | Reduced intestinal apoptosis and proinflammatory immune responses. | ↓TNF, IL-12p70, IL-6, MCP-1, ↑IL-10 | Ekmekciu et al (2017) |
| L. plantarum LP5 | 8.78 log/CFU | Reduced C. coli in feces, cecum, and ileum of DSPV458 infection mouse model. | n.i. | Ruiz et al (2021) |
APF, antiproliferative factor; n.i., not identified; NO, nitric oxide; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; IL, interleukin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.