Table 3.

In Vitro Evidence of Probiotics Efficient Against Campylobacter

Probiotic	Concentration	Evidence	Gene/protein	Refs.
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917	1 × 107 CFU	Decreased Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 invasion and survival in HT-29 cells. Improved barrier functions and tight junction integrity of intestinal epithelial cells.	↑Claudins, cadherins/catenins, actinins	Helmy et al (2017)
E. coli Nissle 1917 microencapsulation in alginate-chitosan nanoparticles	2 × 108 CFU	Reduced C. jejuni 81–176 [ATCC® BAA-2151™] intracellular survival and invasion in HT-29 cells.	↓IL-12A, IL-1B, IL-18, CXCL8, TNF, TLR-1, TLR-4, and TLR-6	Mawad et al (2018)
E. coli Nissle 1917	1 × 107 CFU	Modulates the immune responses, antiapoptotic Akt signaling protecting against the proinflammation of C. jejuni 81–176.	↓ IL-6/8/18, IL12-B, TNF, NF-κB, MAPK-1/3/8/14, MAP2K3, TLR, TICAM-1, TICAM-2, NOD-1, CASP-8, RIPK-2, JUN, IRAK-3, TRAF-6	Helmy et al (2021)
L. curvatus DN317 with 28 mM glycerol	50, 100, and 150 AU/mL	Curvaticin DN317 production is bacteriostatic against C. jejuni ATCC 33560	n.i.	Zommiti et al (2016)
L. reuteri PTA5_F13	1.4 mM	Reuterin reduced C. jejuni from 7.3 log CFU/mL to the above detectable limits.	n.i.	Asare et al (2020)
B. subtilis PS-216	1:1, 1:10	Bacillaene reduces C. jejuni NCTC11168 growth by ≈4.2 logs, biofilm formation, and adhesion based on diffusible factors.	n.i.	Erega et al (2021a); Erega et al (2021b)

n.i., not identified; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; TLR, toll-like receptor.