Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics by ethnic and sexual/gender identities of 168,952 individuals who took part in the Swedish national public health survey in 2018 and 2020.
| Covariates and outcomes | Dual sexual/gender and ethnic identity indicator |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White heterosexual (N = 143 694) |
White Sexual/gender minority (N = 4688) |
Migrant heterosexual (N = 4300) |
Migrant Sexual/gender minority (N = 285) |
Refugee Heterosexual (N = 4194) |
Refugee sexual/gender Minority (N = 253) |
Test for Differencea | Missing |
||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
|
Sex at birth Male |
66440 | 46·2 | 1786 | 38·1 | 2307 | 53·7 | 174 | 61·1 | 1710 | 40·8 | 114 | 45·1 | <0·001 | 0 | 0 |
| Female | 77254 | 53·8 | 2902 | 61·9 | 1993 | 46·3 | 111 | 38·9 | 2484 | 59·2 | 139 | 54·9 | |||
| Age (years) 16-17 | 2018 | 1·4 | 171 | 3·6 | 109 | 2·5 | 5 | 1·8 | 63 | 1·5 | 4 | 1·6 | <0·001 | 0 | 0 |
| 18-29 | 15377 | 10·7 | 1603 | 34·2 | 862 | 20·0 | 54 | 18·9 | 472 | 11·3 | 67 | 26·5 | |||
| 30-45 | 26262 | 18·3 | 1306 | 27·9 | 1407 | 32·7 | 107 | 37·5 | 1561 | 37·2 | 121 | 47·8 | |||
| 46-64 | 47069 | 32·8 | 977 | 20·8 | 1499 | 34·9 | 98 | 34·4 | 1488 | 35·5 | 50 | 19·8 | |||
| 65+ | 52968 | 36·9 | 631 | 13·5 | 423 | 9·8 | 21 | 7·4 | 610 | 14·5 | 11 | 4·3 | |||
| Foreign background Born outside Sweden | 8798 | 6·1 | 338 | 7·2 | 4238 | 100 | 282 | 100 | 4095 | 100 | 239 | 100 | <0·001 | 1060 | 0·6 |
| Born in Sweden with two parents born abroad | 3232 | 2·2 | 168 | 3·6 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Born in Sweden with one parent born abroad | 9240 | 6·4 | 455 | 9·7 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Born in Sweden with two Swedish parents | 122236 | 85·2 | 3710 | 79·4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Educational levela High | 49533 | 34·7 | 1634 | 35·2 | 1277 | 31·5 | 76 | 28·3 | 1659 | 40·8 | 93 | 39·2 | <0·001 | 1951 | 1·2 |
| Medium | 57814 | 40·5 | 1303 | 28·1 | 1270 | 31·4 | 81 | 30·1 | 1239 | 30·5 | 65 | 27·4 | |||
| Low | 24164 | 16·9 | 458 | 9·9 | 969 | 23·9 | 76 | 28·3 | 860 | 21·2 | 39 | 16·5 | |||
| Too young to estimate | 11272 | 7·9 | 1241 | 26·8 | 533 | 13·2 | 36 | 13·4 | 305 | 7·5 | 40 | 16·9 | |||
| General health Good or very good | 101350 | 71·2 | 3017 | 64·7 | 3021 | 70·8 | 196 | 69·3 | 2989 | 71·8 | 191 | 76·1 | <0·001 | 1720 | 1·0 |
| Moderate | 33720 | 23·4 | 1228 | 26·4 | 875 | 20·5 | 67 | 23·7 | 897 | 21·5 | 44 | 17·5 | |||
| Bad or very bad | 7722 | 5·4 | 415 | 8·9 | 370 | 8·7 | 20 | 7·1 | 278 | 6·7 | 16 | 6·4 | |||
| Mental well-being Median (25th/75th percentile)) | 28 | 27/31 | 27 | 24/30 | 28 | 25/31 | 28 | 24/32 | 28 | 25/31 | 28 | 25/31 | 3027 | 1·8 | |
| Mental health Mental ill-healthb | 15118 | 10·6 | 1162 | 24·8 | 789 | 18·5 | 66 | 23·3 | 570 | 13·7 | 53 | 21·0 | <0·001 | 1229 | 0·7 |
| No | 127774 | 89.4 | 3818 | 75.2 | 3483 | 81.5 | 217 | 76.7 | 3592 | 863 | 199 | 790 | |||
|
Suicidal ideation Yes, ever |
14185 | 9·9 | 1668 | 35·8 | 461 | 10·8 | 47 | 16·7 | 475 | 11·4 | 62 | 24·7 | <0·001 | 1415 | 0·8 |
| No | 128539 | 90·1 | 2995 | 64·2 | 3795 | 89·2 | 234 | 83·3 | 3687 | 88·6 | 189 | 75·3 | |||
|
Suicide attempts Yes, ever |
3803 | 2·7 | 654 | 14·0 | 187 | 4·4 | 26 | 9·3 | 178 | 4·3 | 30 | 11·9 | <0·001 | 1398 | 0·8 |
| No | 138935 | 97·3 | 4007 | 86·0 | 4071 | 95·6 | 255 | 90·7 | 3980 | 95·7 | 222 | 88·1 | |||
| Health-related behaviours in the previous 12 months | |||||||||||||||
| Risk gamblingc | <0·001 | 1998 | 1·2 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4254 | 3·0 | 171 | 3·7 | 283 | 6·7 | 27 | 9·6 | 246 | 5·9 | 13 | 5·2 | |||
| No | 138059 | 97·0 | 4485 | 96·3 | 3969 | 93·3 | 255 | 90·4 | 3909 | 94·1 | 237 | 94·8 | |||
| Substance used | <0·001 | 775 | 0·5 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2487 | 1·7 | 373 | 8·0 | 71 | 1·7 | 15 | 5·3 | 71 | 1·7 | 12 | 4·8 | |||
| No | 140693 | 98·3 | 4298 | 92·0 | 4208 | 98·3 | 269 | 94·7 | 4112 | 98·3 | 240 | 95·2 | |||
| Risk alcohol use | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 22347 | 15·6 | 1037 | 22·2 | 184 | 4·3 | 17 | 6·0 | 315 | 7·5 | 31 | 12·3 | <0·001 | 526 | 0·3 |
| No | 121078 | 84·4 | 3644 | 77·8 | 4101 | 95·7 | 267 | 94·0 | 3874 | 92·5 | 1238 | 87·7 | |||
| Exposure to any kind of violence or discrimination | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 29076 | 20·3 | 1998 | 42·7 | 1171 | 27·3 | 85 | 29·6 | 1178 | 28·2 | 89 | 35·3 | <0·001 | 934 | 0·6 |
| No | 114079 | 79·7 | 2676 | 57·3 | 3116 | 72·7 | 199 | 70·1 | 3001 | 71·8 | 163 | 64·7 | |||
| Exposure to threats | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 5306 | 3·7 | 447 | 9·6 | 272 | 6·4 | 30 | 10·8 | 220 | 5·3 | 19 | 7·6 | <0·001 | 2027 | 1·2 |
| No | 137004 | 96·3 | 4195 | 90·4 | 3977 | 93·6 | 248 | 89·2 | 3938 | 94·7 | 231 | 92·4 | |||
| Exposure to discrimination | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 25518 | 17·9 | 1820 | 39·0 | 983 | 23·0 | 52 | 18·4 | 1008 | 24·2 | 80 | 31·7 | <0·001 | 1600 | 0·9 |
| No | 117272 | 82·1 | 2846 | 61·0 | 3283 | 77·0 | 230 | 81·6 | 3154 | 75·8 | 172 | 68·3 | |||
| Exposure to physical violence | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 3391 | 2·4 | 274 | 5·1 | 164 | 3·8 | 26 | 9·2 | 174 | 4·2 | 15 | 6·0 | <0·001 | 1411 | 0·8 |
| No | 139509 | 97·6 | 4391 | 94·9 | 4105 | 96·2 | 257 | 90·8 | 3997 | 95·8 | 236 | 94·0 | |||
a
p values are for a test of means or equal proportions.
b
Mental health based on the General Health questionnaire (GHQ) used in 2018 and the Kessler-6 used in 2020. 3 Low (No education or Elementary school, primary school, or similar) Medium (Two years of upper secondary school or high school or 3–4 years of upper secondary school or high school) High (Some higher education/ University or college, less than 3 years/ University or college, 3 years or more).
c
Score of more than one on PSGI.
d
Any use of drugs during the last year.