Table 2.

Common codes used to normalise the variation within EPG waveform nomenclature. All EPG waveform codes were coded to follow the standard aphid EPG codes. Psyllid EPG groupings were described in⁵¹ Chinch bug waveform descriptions followed⁵², Leafhopper characterisation⁵³, planthopper characterisations⁵⁴, whitefly characterisations⁵⁵, and sharpshooter characterisation⁵⁶. Note that for the sharpshooter studies xylem ingestion was coded as E2 to represent ingestion of the primary plant sap these insects feed from.

Insect group	EPG waveform	Plant tissue involved/insect behaviour	Comparable aphid waveform (standardised definition)
Aphid	Np phase	None/insect on the plant but not probing plant tissue	np
	C phase	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect probing plant tissue	C
	pd phase	Mesophyll/puncture of plant cells by insect	pd
	F phase	Mesophyll/stylet penetration difficulties	F
	G phase	Xylem/ingestion of xylem sap	G
	E1 phase	Phloem/salivation into phloem	E1
	E2 phase	Phloem/ingestion of phloem	E2
	sE2 phase	Phloem/sustained ingestion of phloem	sE2
Chinch bug	Z1 phase	None/insect not on the plant	np
	Z2 phase	None/insect on the plant but not probing plant tissue	np
	G1 phase	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect probing plant tissue and secretion of saliva into mesophyll tissue	C
	G2 phase		C
	H phase	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect probing plant tissue, start of penetration into vascular tissue	C
	N Phase	Vascular/Salivation into a vascular cell	N/A
	J Phase	Phloem/penetration of phloem sieve element and salivation into phloem	E1
	J-I1 Phase	Phloem/ingestion of phloem sap mixed with salivation	E1/E2
	J-I2 Phase	Phloem/ingestion of phloem sap	E2
Leafhopper	NP	None/insect on the plant but not probing plant tissue	np
	R	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect stylet is inserted into plant tissue but insect is at rest and not progressing penetration	C
	A	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect begins probing of plant tissue	C
	C	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect ingestion of mesophyll sap	C
	S	Phloem/salivation into phloem	E1
	E	Phloem/ingestion of phloem	E2
	F	Phloem/difficult ingestion of phloem	E2
Planthopper	NP	None/insect on the plant but not probing plant tissue	np
	N1, N2, N3	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect probing plant tissue	C
	N4-a	Phloem/salivation into phloem	E1
	N4-b	Phloem/ingestion of phloem	E2
	N5	Xylem/ingestion of xylem sap	G
	N6	Mesophyll/stylet penetration difficulties	F
	N7	Mesophyll/puncture of plant cells by insect	pd
Psyllid	NP	None/insect on the plant but not probing plant tissue	np
	A	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect penetration of plant tissue, sheath salivation	C
	B	Epidermal and mesophyll/sheath salivation	C
	C	Epidermal and mesophyll/continued sheath salivation and mesophyll probing	C
	D	Mesophyll and phloem/putative salivation outside of phloem cell and putative contact with and salivation into phloem	E1
	E1	Phloem/salivation into phloem	E1
	E2	Phloem/ingestion of phloem	E2
	G	Xylem/ingestion of xylem sap	G
Whitefly	np	None/insect on the plant but not probing plant tissue	np
	A	Epidermal and mesophyll/initial contact with plant tissue	C
	C	Epidermal and mesophyll/insect probing plant tissue	C
	pd	Mesophyll/puncture of plant cells by insect	pd
	E(pd1)	Phloem/salivation into phloem	E1
	E(pd2)	Phloem/ingestion of phloem	E2
	F	Mesophyll/stylet penetration difficulties	F
	G	Xylem/ingestion of xylem sap	G
Sharpshooter	Z	Non-probing	np
	A1	Pathway	C
	B1	Pathway	C
	B2	Pathway	C
	C	Ingestion	E2
	G	Resting	N/A
	R	Resting	N/A
	M	Intoxication	N/A
	N	Nonpathway interruption	N/A

N/A denotes species-specific waveforms where there is no comparable aphid waveform.