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. 2022 Oct 25;13:6088. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33203-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Bars (males) or gray circles (females) represent least square means (±SEM) of change from 5-min baseline in heart rate and HRV (SDNN and RMSSD) at different exposure phases (a–i), and indicated by study timeline (j) with Expo denoting puff sessions, Post- denoting 4–9 min after each puff session, and Late Post- indicating 9–28 min after the final puff session. Dashed lines mark Air mean. Significance determined by two-sided P < 0.05 (vs. Air: star; between sexes: diamond) in mixed model analyses. Asterisk indicates nicotine present. “E-Tobac” and “E-Menth” denote E-Tobacco (n = 4) and E-Menthol (n = 7) among males. For Air, PG, VG, and PG:VG, n = 8 among males. For females, n = 4 per treatment. For averages of individual subjects by phase, and simple means and standard errors, see Supplementary Fig. 5. Source data, including all p values, are provided as a Source Data file.