Table 1.

Non-coding RNAs associated with BRAFi resistance in melanomas

Types of ncRNA	Name	Expression after resistance	Mechanisms in BRAFi resistance	Ref
miRNA	miR-514a	↑	Decreased expression of the tumor suppressor NF1	[41]
	miR-125a	↑	Inhibiting pro-apoptotic parts of intrinsic apoptosis pathway	[42]
	miR-211-5p	↑	Increased expression of MITF regulating TRPM1 gene resulting in activation of the survival pathway	[43]
	miR-34a, miR-100, and miR-125b	↑	Involvement in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis	[44]
	miR-204-5p and miR-211-5p	↑	Stimulation in Ras and MAPK upregulation	[45]
	miRNA-204 and miRNA-211	↑	Reducing expression of NUAK1/ARK5 proteins	[46]
	miR-1246	↑	G2/M arrest and autophagy	[47]
	miR-7	↓	Increased expressions of EGFR, IGF-1R, and CRAF and further activation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway	[48]
	miR-579-3p	↓	Negative correlation with BRAF in resistant cells	[49]
	miR-200c	↓	Deactivation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling cascades, and acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotypes	[50]
lncRNA	EMICERI	↑	Regulating MOB3B whose over-expression downregulates LATS1 to activate the Hippo signaling pathway	[51]
	MIRAT	↑	Binding to IQGAP1 and facilitating signaling through the MAPK pathway	[52]
	TUG1	↑	Acting as an oncogene sponging miR-129-5p and inducing cell growth and invasion	[46]
	TSLNC8	↑	Binding with the catalytic sub-unit of PP1α to regulate its distribution, and re-activating the MAPK signaling	[53]
	SAMMSON	↑	Interacting with p32 and regulating the metabolism of mitochondria and CARF-p53 signaling pathway	[54] [55]
	RMEL3	Unknown	A positive regulator of PI3K and MAPK signaling in melanoma	[56]
	IGF2AS, MEG3, and Zeb2NAT	↑	Might serve as prognostic markers of response to vemurafenib treatment in melanoma patients	[57]