Table 2.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of curcumin from the different curcumin-based formulations and reference (unformulated curcumin) in human studies

Formulation	Clinical study design	Population	Intervention	Dose	Sample hydrolysis	Cmax (ng/mL)	Tmax (h)	AUC0–t (ng h/mL)
Theracurmin [41]	Randomised, crossover	Asian 14 (8 males, 6 females) 44.1 ± 8.5 years	Formulationa	30 mg theracurmin	Hydrolysed	29.5 ± 12.9	1	113 ± 61*
			Controla	30 mg curcumin powder		1.8 ± 2.0	6	4.1 ± 7.0*
Meriva® [42]	Randomised, double-blind, crossover	Caucasian 9 (8 males, 1 female)	Formulationb	376 mg curcumin	Hydrolysed	206.9 ± 54.9	2.7 ± 0.3	1336.0 ± 357.1*
			Controlb	1799 mg curcumin		14.4 ± 4.2	6.9 ± 2.2	202.8 ± 53.8*
NovaSol [43]	Randomised, single‐blind crossover	Caucasian 23 (10 males, 13 females) 23 ± 3 years	Formulationa	500 mg curcuminoids	Hydrolysed	1189.1 ± 518.7	1.1 ± 0.4	4474.7 ± 1675.2⁑
			Controla	500 mg curcuminoids		2.6 ± 4.9	7.5 ± 8.2	24.1 ± 42.6⁑
CurQfen [49]	Crossover	Indian 8 (males) 25–50 years	Formulationa	600 mg curcumin	Not hydrolysed	0.4 ± 0.2 (µg/g)	1	8100 ± 287* (µg h/g)
			Controla	1000 mg curcumin		0.02 ± 0.01 (µg/g)	0.5	510 ± 123* (µg h/g)
Longvida® [44]	Randomised, double-blind, crossover	Indian 6 (males) 18–40 years	Formulationb	650 mg curcuminoids	Not hydrolysed	22.4 ± 1.9	2.4 ± 0.4	95.3 ± 4.6*
			Controlb	650 mg curcuminoids		< 1	ND	ND
Curcumin C3 Complex® + Bioperine [50]	Randomised, crossover	Indian 8 (males) 20–26 years	Formulationb	2000 mg curcumin with bioperine	Not hydrolysed	180 ± 30	0.69 ± 0.07	80 ± 10†
			Controlb	2000 mg curcumin		6 ± 5	1	4†

^a Mean ± standard deviation

^b Mean ± standard error of mean

^*AUC_0–24

^⁑AUC_0–12

^† AUC_0–6

Control: unformulated curcumin, AUC area under the drug concentration–time curve, C_max maximum drug concentration, T_max time at maximum drug concentration, ND not defined