Table 2.
Body weight, length and body composition of children at 9 and 18 months of age, by study group and intervention (IC) or non-intervention (NIC) cohort
| LNS-Zn0 | LNS-Zn5 | LNS-Zn10 | LNS-TabZn5 | p value among 4 intervention groups1,2,3 | IC | NIC | p value between cohorts1,2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At 9 months | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 7.32 ± 0.88b | 7.60 ± 1.15ab | 7.42 ± 0.95ab | 7.84 ± 1.06a | 0.038 | 7.53 ± 1.02 | 7.52 ± 1.05 | 0.931 |
| Length (cm) | 68.3 ± 2.4 | 69.0 ± 2.6 | 69.2 ± 2.7 | 69.6 ± 2.6 | 0.069 | 69.0 ± 2.6 | 69.0 ± 3.0 | 0.850 |
| Total body water (kg) | 4.56 ± 0.54 | 4.81 ± 0.62 | 4.70 ± 0.55 | 4.85 ± 0.65 | 0.047 | 4.71 ± 0.59 | 4.76 ± 0.59 | 0.681 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 5.76 ± 0.68 | 6.07 ± 0.78 | 5.94 ± 0.69 | 6.12 ± 0.81 | 0.048 | 5.96 ± 0.75 | 6.01 ± 0.75 | 0.690 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 1.56 ± 0.59 | 1.53 ± 0.61 | 1.48 ± 0.51 | 1.72 ± 0.67 | 0.192 | 1.57 ± 0.60 | 1.51 ± 0.55 | 0.735 |
| Fat mass (% body weight) | 21.0 ± 6.4 | 19.7 ± 6.0 | 19.6 ± 5.4 | 21.6 ± 6.8 | 0.267 | 20.5 ± 6.2 | 19.7 ± 5.7 | 0.511 |
| Fat free mass index (kg/m2) | 12.3 ± 1.0 | 12.7 ± 1.1 | 12.4 ± 0.9 | 12.6 ± 1.3 | 0.160 | 12.5 ± 1.1 | 12.6 ± 0.9 | 0.629 |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 0.203 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 0.564 |
| At 18 months | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 9.05 ± 0.95 | 9.40 ± 1.13 | 9.26 ± 1.19 | 9.72 ± 1.05 | 0.536 | 9.33 ± 1.09 | 9.10 ± 1.17 | 0.002 |
| Length (cm) | 77.2 ± 2.5 | 78.1 ± 2.8 | 78.2 ± 3.1 | 78.6 ± 2.9 | 0.580 | 78.0 ± 2.8 | 77.3 ± 3.5 | 0.011 |
| Total body water (kg) | 5.71 ± 0.63 | 5.95 ± 0.68 | 5.89 ± 0.87 | 6.12 ± 0.64 | 0.498 | 5.90 ± 0.71 | 5.78 ± 0.63 | 0.005 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 7.28 ± 0.80 | 7.58 ± 0.86 | 7.51 ± 1.11 | 7.80 ± 0.81 | 0.498 | 7.52 ± 0.91 | 7.36 ± 0.80 | 0.005 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 1.77 ± 0.56 | 1.82 ± 0.53 | 1.74 ± 0.49 | 1.92 ± 0.62 | 0.963 | 1.81 ± 0.55 | 1.74 ± 0.64 | 0.412 |
| Fat mass (% body weight) | 19.4 ± 5.2 | 19.2 ± 4.4 | 18.9 ± 4.6 | 19.6 ± 5.5 | 0.944 | 19.3 ± 4.9 | 18.7 ± 5.2 | 0.691 |
| Fat free mass index (kg/m2) | 12.3 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 0.9 | 12.2 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 0.9 | 0.527 | 12.4 ± 1.0 | 12.3 ± 0.9 | 0.175 |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 0.974 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.539 |
| Change from baseline to 18 months | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 1.72 ± 0.59 | 1.80 ± 0.67 | 1.84 ± 0.65 | 1.88 ± 0.64 | 0.536 | 1.80 ± 0.63 | 1.57 ± 0.55 | 0.002 |
| Length (cm) | 8.8 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 1.3 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 0.580 | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 0.011 |
| Total body water (kg) | 1.16 ± 0.41 | 1.14 ± 0.40 | 1.19 ± 0.53 | 1.27 ± 0.43 | 0.498 | 1.19 ± 0.44 | 1.01 ± 0.39 | 0.005 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 1.53 ± 0.52 | 1.51 ± 0.51 | 1.57 ± 0.68 | 1.67 ± 0.54 | 0.498 | 1.57 ± 0.56 | 1.35 ± 0.49 | 0.005 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 0.19 ± 0.46 | 0.29 ± 0.49 | 0.27 ± 0.60 | 0.20 ± 0.58 | 0.963 | 0.23 ± 0.53 | 0.23 ± 0.50 | 0.412 |
| Fat mass (% body weight) | − 1.8 ± 5.2 | − 0.5 ± 5.1 | − 0.7 ± 6.5 | − 2.0 ± 6.2 | 0.944 | − 1.3 ± 5.7 | − 1.0 ± 5.5 | 0.691 |
| Fat free mass index (kg/m2) | − 0.01 ± 0.9 | − 0.3 ± 0.8 | − 0.1 ± 1.0 | − 0.02 ± 1.0 | 0.527 | − 0.1 ± 0.9 | − 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.175 |
| Fat mass index (kg/m2) | − 0.4 ± 1.0 | − 0.2 ± 0.9 | − 0.2 ± 1.1 | − 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.974 | − 0.3 ± 1.0 | − 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.539 |
1Adjusted means ± SD, all such values
2Values are adjusted for the random effect of the village, for the respective baseline values and for selected covariates including child sex and age at enrollment, maternal BMI (continuous), baseline child LAZ and WAZ (continuous), study season (rainy or dry), baseline child feeding practices including dietary diversity and consumption of animal source foods (all categorical), maternal education level and marital status using Proc MIXED
3Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between the groups at p < 0.05