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. 2022 Oct 12;13:1023867. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1023867

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of all participants.

Total Low-risk population Medium-risk population High-risk population p-value
N 4,499 2,026 (45.03%) 1,417 (31.50%) 1,056 (23.47%)
Region 0.46
 Urban, n (%) 2,768 (61.52) 1,237 (61.06) 864 (60.97) 667 (63.16)
 Rural, n (%) 1,731 (38.48) 789 (38.94) 553 (39.03) 389 (36.84)
Age (years) 57.88 ± 9.79 57.52 ± 9.87 57.84 ± 9.63 58.62 ± 9.84 0.01*
Gender, male, n (%) 1,556 (34.59) 798 (39.39) 404 (28.51) 354 (33.52) <0.001***
Eating habits <0.001***
 High-salt diet 595 (13.23) 265 (13.08) 181 (12.77) 149 (14.11)
 Oil-heavy diet 1,126 (25.03) 428 (21.13) 383 (27.03) 315 (29.83)
 Sweet tooth 2,778 (61.75) 1333 (65.79) 853 (60.20) 592 (56.06)
Meats and vegetables <0.001***
 Balanced 321 (7.13) 126 (6.22) 105 (7.41) 90 (8.52)
 Carnivorous diet 895 (19.90) 350 (17.28) 302 (21.31) 243 (23.01)
 Plant-based diet 3,283 (72.97) 1,550 (76.50) 1,010 (71.28) 723 (68.47)
Daily vegetable intake, n (%) 2,551 (56.70) 1,223 (60.37) 776 (54.76) 552 (52.27) <0.001***
Daily fruit intake, n (%) 1,717 (38.16) 828 (40.87) 535 (37.76) 354 (33.52) 0.001**
Alcohol consumption, n (%) <0.001***
 Never 3,619 (80.44) 1,572 (77.59) 1,194 (84.26) 853 (80.78)
 Heavy drinking 720 (16.0) 368 (18.16) 187 (13.20) 165 (15.62)
 Light/moderate drinking 160 (3.56) 86 (4.25) 36 (2.54) 38 (3.60)
Family history of CHD, n (%) 163 (3.62) 83 (4.10) 48 (3.39) 32 (3.03) 0.006**
Family history of hypertension, n (%) 1,527 (33.94) 720 (35.53) 488 (34.44) 319 (30.21) 0.002**
Family history of diabetes, n (%) 466 (10.36) 186 (9.18) 128 (9.03) 152 (14.39) <0.001***
SBP (mmHg) 131.23 ± 14.47 128.88 ± 14.76 132.01 ± 13.76 134.68 ± 14.05 <0.001***
DBP (mmHg) 81.20 ± 8.88 81.05 ± 9.18 81.00 ± 8.57 81.75 ± 8.70 0.07
Height (cm 161.10 ± 7.95 161.90 ± 8.07 160.39 ± 7.62 160.52 ± 7.99 <0.001***
Weight (kg) 63.50 ± 9.95 63.6 ± 9.95 62.83 ± 9.84 64.22 ± 10.06 0.002**
Waist circumference (WC) (cm) 80.32 ± 9.08 80.32 ± 8.84 79. 66 ± 9.37 81.20 ± 9.08 <0.001***
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) 24.46 ± 3.35 24.25 ± 3.21 24.40 ± 3.29 24.93 ± 3.66 <0.001***
FBG (mmol/L) 5.31 ± 1.22 4.51 ± 0.35 5.29 ± 0.20 6.89 ± 1.57 <0.001***
Hemoglobin A1c (%) 5.52 ± 0.94 5.24 ± 0.56 5.38 ± 0.62 6.28 ± 1.38 <0.001***
Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/L) 1.55 ± 0.96 1.46 ± 0.88 1.55 ± 0.97 1.73 ± 1.06 <0.001***
Total cholesterol (TC) (mmol/L 4.71 ± 1.09 4.63 ± 1.04 4.76 ± 1.09 4.82 ± 1.18 <0.001***
HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.36 ± 0.38 1.37 ± 0.38 1.37 ± 0.38 1.32 ± 0.37 0.001**
LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.14 ± 1.00 2.10 ± 0.94 2.18 ± 1.01 2.19 ± 1.07 0.008**
Homocysteine (μmol/L) 9.68 ± 6.63 8.49 ± 5.71 9.93 ± 5.81 11.60 ± 8.53 <0.001***
VAI 2.07 ± 1.76 1.89 ± 1.62 2.08 ± 1.73 2.40 ± 2.01 <0.001***
TG/HDL-C 1.32 ± 1.12 1.22 ± 1.02 1.31 ± 1.10 1.52 ± 1.27 <0.001***
TyG 8.63 ± 0.57 8.42 ± 0.50 8.63 ± 0.52 8.99 ± 0.58 <0.001***
TyG-BMI 211.40 ± 35.05 204.68 ± 31.89 211.12 ± 33.70 224.89 ± 38.74 <0.001***
TyG-WC 693.96 ± 99.42 677.98 ± 92.88 689.05 ± 97.93 731.85 ± 103.87 <0.001***
TyG-WHtR 4.31 ± 0.63 4.19 ± 0.58 4.30 ± 0.62 4.57 ± 0.66 <0.001***

Daily vegetable intake: eats 300 g of vegetables a day. Daily fruit intake: eats 200 g of fruits a day.

LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHD, coronary heart disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TyG, triglyceride–glucose; WHtR, waist-to height ratio; VAI, visceral adiposity index.

*p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001.