Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all participants.
| Total | Low-risk population | Medium-risk population | High-risk population | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 4,499 | 2,026 (45.03%) | 1,417 (31.50%) | 1,056 (23.47%) | |
| Region | 0.46 | ||||
| Urban, n (%) | 2,768 (61.52) | 1,237 (61.06) | 864 (60.97) | 667 (63.16) | |
| Rural, n (%) | 1,731 (38.48) | 789 (38.94) | 553 (39.03) | 389 (36.84) | |
| Age (years) | 57.88 ± 9.79 | 57.52 ± 9.87 | 57.84 ± 9.63 | 58.62 ± 9.84 | 0.01* |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 1,556 (34.59) | 798 (39.39) | 404 (28.51) | 354 (33.52) | <0.001*** |
| Eating habits | <0.001*** | ||||
| High-salt diet | 595 (13.23) | 265 (13.08) | 181 (12.77) | 149 (14.11) | |
| Oil-heavy diet | 1,126 (25.03) | 428 (21.13) | 383 (27.03) | 315 (29.83) | |
| Sweet tooth | 2,778 (61.75) | 1333 (65.79) | 853 (60.20) | 592 (56.06) | |
| Meats and vegetables | <0.001*** | ||||
| Balanced | 321 (7.13) | 126 (6.22) | 105 (7.41) | 90 (8.52) | |
| Carnivorous diet | 895 (19.90) | 350 (17.28) | 302 (21.31) | 243 (23.01) | |
| Plant-based diet | 3,283 (72.97) | 1,550 (76.50) | 1,010 (71.28) | 723 (68.47) | |
| Daily vegetable intake, n (%) | 2,551 (56.70) | 1,223 (60.37) | 776 (54.76) | 552 (52.27) | <0.001*** |
| Daily fruit intake, n (%) | 1,717 (38.16) | 828 (40.87) | 535 (37.76) | 354 (33.52) | 0.001** |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001*** | ||||
| Never | 3,619 (80.44) | 1,572 (77.59) | 1,194 (84.26) | 853 (80.78) | |
| Heavy drinking | 720 (16.0) | 368 (18.16) | 187 (13.20) | 165 (15.62) | |
| Light/moderate drinking | 160 (3.56) | 86 (4.25) | 36 (2.54) | 38 (3.60) | |
| Family history of CHD, n (%) | 163 (3.62) | 83 (4.10) | 48 (3.39) | 32 (3.03) | 0.006** |
| Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 1,527 (33.94) | 720 (35.53) | 488 (34.44) | 319 (30.21) | 0.002** |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 466 (10.36) | 186 (9.18) | 128 (9.03) | 152 (14.39) | <0.001*** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.23 ± 14.47 | 128.88 ± 14.76 | 132.01 ± 13.76 | 134.68 ± 14.05 | <0.001*** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.20 ± 8.88 | 81.05 ± 9.18 | 81.00 ± 8.57 | 81.75 ± 8.70 | 0.07 |
| Height (cm | 161.10 ± 7.95 | 161.90 ± 8.07 | 160.39 ± 7.62 | 160.52 ± 7.99 | <0.001*** |
| Weight (kg) | 63.50 ± 9.95 | 63.6 ± 9.95 | 62.83 ± 9.84 | 64.22 ± 10.06 | 0.002** |
| Waist circumference (WC) (cm) | 80.32 ± 9.08 | 80.32 ± 8.84 | 79. 66 ± 9.37 | 81.20 ± 9.08 | <0.001*** |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 24.46 ± 3.35 | 24.25 ± 3.21 | 24.40 ± 3.29 | 24.93 ± 3.66 | <0.001*** |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.31 ± 1.22 | 4.51 ± 0.35 | 5.29 ± 0.20 | 6.89 ± 1.57 | <0.001*** |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.52 ± 0.94 | 5.24 ± 0.56 | 5.38 ± 0.62 | 6.28 ± 1.38 | <0.001*** |
| Triglyceride (TG) (mmol/L) | 1.55 ± 0.96 | 1.46 ± 0.88 | 1.55 ± 0.97 | 1.73 ± 1.06 | <0.001*** |
| Total cholesterol (TC) (mmol/L | 4.71 ± 1.09 | 4.63 ± 1.04 | 4.76 ± 1.09 | 4.82 ± 1.18 | <0.001*** |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.36 ± 0.38 | 1.37 ± 0.38 | 1.37 ± 0.38 | 1.32 ± 0.37 | 0.001** |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.14 ± 1.00 | 2.10 ± 0.94 | 2.18 ± 1.01 | 2.19 ± 1.07 | 0.008** |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 9.68 ± 6.63 | 8.49 ± 5.71 | 9.93 ± 5.81 | 11.60 ± 8.53 | <0.001*** |
| VAI | 2.07 ± 1.76 | 1.89 ± 1.62 | 2.08 ± 1.73 | 2.40 ± 2.01 | <0.001*** |
| TG/HDL-C | 1.32 ± 1.12 | 1.22 ± 1.02 | 1.31 ± 1.10 | 1.52 ± 1.27 | <0.001*** |
| TyG | 8.63 ± 0.57 | 8.42 ± 0.50 | 8.63 ± 0.52 | 8.99 ± 0.58 | <0.001*** |
| TyG-BMI | 211.40 ± 35.05 | 204.68 ± 31.89 | 211.12 ± 33.70 | 224.89 ± 38.74 | <0.001*** |
| TyG-WC | 693.96 ± 99.42 | 677.98 ± 92.88 | 689.05 ± 97.93 | 731.85 ± 103.87 | <0.001*** |
| TyG-WHtR | 4.31 ± 0.63 | 4.19 ± 0.58 | 4.30 ± 0.62 | 4.57 ± 0.66 | <0.001*** |
Daily vegetable intake: eats 300 g of vegetables a day. Daily fruit intake: eats 200 g of fruits a day.
LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CHD, coronary heart disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TyG, triglyceride–glucose; WHtR, waist-to height ratio; VAI, visceral adiposity index.
*p< 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p< 0.001.