FIGURE 3.

Metformin (MET) attenuates olanzapine (OLZ)-induced microglial activation and inflammation in the hypothalamus. (A,B) Effect of OLZ or OLZ + MET administration on the hypothalamic mRNA expression of Il-1β, Il-6, Tnfα, Il-4, and Il-10 in female and male mice (n = 4–5). (C) Representative images of Iba1 and TNFα expression in ARH (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SEM values. Statistical analyses were performed using one-sided one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 between the indicated groups. Scale bars: 100 μm.