TABLE 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics among groups.
| Variables, M ± SD (min to max) |
Total (N = 30) | NoT group (n = 10) | Sham + MM group (n = 10) | Active + MM group (n = 10) | P-value |
| Age, years | 53.60 ± 9.48 (33 to 70) |
52.80 ± 8.47 (41 to 64) |
48.20 ± 2.70 (33 to 59) |
59.70 ± 8.37 (47 to 70) |
0.02 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.31* | ||||
| Female | 28 (93.33) | 10 (100) | 8 (80) | 10 (100) | |
| Male | 2 (6.67) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) | 0 (0) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 |
27.5 ± 5.48 (23 to 32) |
29.05 ± 5.96 (22 to 41) |
26.28 ± 3.57 (20 to 32) |
28.95 ± 6.47 (18 to 42) |
0.99 |
| Right handed, n (%) | 26 (86.67) | 8 (80) | 9 (90) | 9 (90) | 1.00* |
| SS |
8.66 ± 1.97 (5 to 12) |
8.35 ± 2.06 (6 to 12) |
9.1 ± 1.97 (6 to 12) |
8.30 ± 2.00 (5 to 12) |
0.49 |
| WPI |
14.2 ± 2.91 (9 to 18) |
14.60 ± 2.84 (10 to 18) |
12.80 ± 3.05 (9 to 18) |
15.20 ± 2.53 (11 to 18) | 1.97 |
| Baseline measures | |||||
| NRS pain intensity |
5.57 ± 1.57 (1.36 to 8.79) |
5.32 ± 1.60 (1.36 to 7.00) |
5.65 ± 1.60 (3.04 to 8.37) |
5.71 ± 1.66 (2.86 to 8.79) |
0.89** |
| PPT, kPa |
196 ± 60 (103 to 387) |
188 ± 44 (133 to 274) |
208 ± 86 (103 to 387) |
190 ± 46 (114 to 259) |
0.76 |
| FIQ |
51.5 ± 14.4 (19.6 to 84.4) |
49.7 ± 7.8 (32.9 to 60.7) |
50.9 ± 21.3 (19.6 to 84.4) |
54.2 ± 12.0 (39.9 to 80.2) |
0.78 |
| DASS-21 questionnaire | |||||
| Depression score | 5.5 ± 4.0 (0 to 16) |
5.3 ± 2.6 (2 to 10) |
5.7 ± 5.5 (0 to 16) |
5.6 ± 3.6 (1 to 14) |
0.98 |
| Anxiety score | 3.9 ± 3.0 (0 to 12) |
4.5 ± 3.7 (1 to 12) |
4.0 ± 2.9 (0 to 8) |
3.2 ± 2.3 (0 to 6) |
0.84** |
| Stress score | 8.2 ± 3.8 (2 to 16) |
8.5 ± 2.7 (5 to 13) |
8.3 ± 5.0 (2 to 16) |
7.9 ± 3.7 (2 to 15) |
0.94 |
| NRS sleep quality |
4.7 ± 1.5 (1.6 to 8.6) |
5.0 ± 1.5 (2.3 to 7.0) |
4.0 ± 1.0 (1.6 to 5.6) |
5.0 ± 1.7 (2.0 to 8.6) |
0.23 |
| Sleep quantity, hours |
7.1 ± 1.3 (4.3 to 9.9) |
7.5 ± 1.5 (4.7 to 9.9) |
6.8 ± 1.2 (4.9 to 8.1) |
7.0 ± 1.4 (4.3 to 8.9) |
0.52 |
| FMI (n = 20) | 37 ± 5 (25 to 46) |
35 ± 6 (25 to 40) |
38 ± 4 (31 to 46) |
0.20*** | |
M , mean; SD , standard deviation; BMI , body mass index; SS , symptom severity (range, 0 to 12); WPI , widespread pain index (range, 0 to 19); NRS , numerical rating scale; PPT , pressure pain threshold; FIQ , fibromyalgia impact questionnaire; DASS-21 , depression, anxiety and stress scale; FMI , Freiburg mindfulness inventory. Categorical data was analyzed using Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test (*) and the rest was analyzed using either one-way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test (**) depending on whether parametric assumptions were met. FMI data was analyzed using an unpaired t-test (***).