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. 2022 Oct 20;8(4):20552173221128170. doi: 10.1177/20552173221128170

Table 3.

Overlapping MOGAD/positive MOG-IgG and other autoimmune diseases and/or autoantibodies.

References Number of cases Sex/age

  • MOG-IgG-associated clinical phenotype or laboratory status

  • Antibody testing assay, source (serum/CSF),

 Overlapping autoimmunity and/or autoantibodies Notable clinical features, or MRI findings
Mader et al. (2011)67 2 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • Live cell staining IIF assay

 SLE
Mader et al. (2018)89 3 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • Live CBA, serum

 Demyelinating or non-demyelinating NPSLE All patients with demyelinating NPSLE met the ACR 1999 criteria for demyelination, and all had either TM occurring at 2 different time points or TM with WM demyelination or ON occurring at two different time points.
Bilodeau et al. (2019)90 1 F/32

  • MOG-LETM

  • FACS, NA

 SLE Presented with severe TM (paraplegia) shortly after SLE onset in the post-partum period. FLAIR MRI showed lesions in medulla, pons, hypothalamus, subcortical WM, and T2-hyperintense lesions adjacent to the third and fourth ventricle. Spinal MRI showed LETM in the entire cervical and thoracic cord.
Pröbstel et al. (2019)91 14 M/34
F/33
F/61
F/35
F/63
F/49
F/51
F/34
M/54
F/26
F/35
F/31
F/25
M/40

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • CBA, serum

 NPSLE (N = 6) and non-NPSLE
(N = 8)		 Presentation of visual disturbance, bladder dysfunction, seizure, and psychosis.
ANA
Anti-ds-DNA
Anti-Phospholipid
Anti-Sm
Anti SSA/SSB		 N = 14N = 9N = 8N = 3N = 2
Seth et al. (2020)92 11 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • ELISA, serum

NPSLE (N = 8) and non-NPSLE
(N = 3)		 MOG-IgG was positive in a significantly higher proportion of patients having mood disorder as compared to patients without it.
Chawla et al. (2021)93 1 F/33

  • MOG-LETM

  • NA, NA

 Development of MOG-LETM in a patient with SLE, during active COVID-19 Presents with numbness and weakness in bilateral lower extremities with associated diplopia, urinary retention, 10 days after diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.T2-FLAIR brain MRI showed hyperintense lesions in the superior and middle cerebellar peduncles. MRI of spine showed LETM involving C4-C7 and T11-T12.
Kunchok et al. (2019)25 51 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
Ds-DNA
ENA
Anti-CASPR2-IgG
and LGI1-IgG antibodies
GABA-A-R-IgG
ATD
RA
Vitiligo
Sjogren
Pernicious anemia
APS		 N = 17
N = 3
N = 7
N = 1


N = 1
N = 14
N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
Kunchok et al. (2021)3 38 (from total of 170 MOGAD patients) NA/NA MOGAD Either flow cytometric assay or CBA ANA
ds-DNA
Anti-Sm
RNP
RA
SLE
ATD
Sjogren		 N = 13
N = 5
N = 1
N = 3
N = 2
N = 1
N = 12
N = 1
Malli et al. (2021)94 17 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • IIF

 ANA
ATD/thyroid Autoantibody
Atopic dermatitis 		N = 9
N = 5

N = 4		 All autoantibodies: IIF, Presenting with NMOSD, recurrent TM, recurrent ON, and ADEM.
Jarius et al. (2016)95 19 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum and/or CSF

 ANA
ANCA
ACA or B2GP
RF
anti-TPO
anti-TG
Anti-TSHR (perinuclear)
tTg-IgA
RA
ATD
Atopic dermatitis
Asthma bronchiole		 N = 14
N = 1
N = 2
N = 1
N = 2
N = 1
N = 1

N = 1
N = 2
N = 2
N = 1
N = 1
Ramanathan et al. (2018)96 4 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 Type 1 DM and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Elevated thyroid Abs
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Anti-LGI1 Abs		 N = 1


N = 1
N = 1

N = 1
Sato et al. (2014)7 5 M/29
F/15
M/49
M/70
M/38

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
Anti-SSA
Anti-TG
Anti-TPO		 N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
Zhou et al. (2019)20 6 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
Anti-TPO		 N = 5
N = 1
Veselaj et al. (2021) 97 7 F/25
F/21
M/66
F/40
F/58
F/17
M/55

  • MOG-EM

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
Autoimmune hepatitis
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease with positive ANA
Chronic juvenile arthritis
ANA and P-ANCA		 N = 3
N = 1
N = 1



N = 1

N = 1
Chen et al. (2021)56 8 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • Cytometric beads array

 Anti-TPO/TG
ANA
Anti-SSA
Anti-SSB
Anti-RO-52		 N = 4
N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
N = 1
Song et al. (2019)98 23 NA/NA

  • MOG-ON

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
Anti-centromere Abs
Anti-SSA/SSB
Anti-CL/β 2GPI
Anti-perinuclear factor Abs
Anti-TG/TPO		 N = 6
N = 2
N = 3
N = 6
N = 2

N = 4
James et al. (2020)99 1 F/39

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ANA + anti-SSB Abs
Stathopoulos et al. (2019)100 9 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • CBA, serum

 RA
Type 1 DM
SLE		 N = 5
N = 2
N = 2
Zhao et al. (2018)101 4 NA/NA

  • MOG-ON

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
Anti-SSA/SSB		 N = 3
N = 1
Ciotti et al. (2020)102 6 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ANA
ENA		 N = 5
N = 1
Papathanasiou et al. (2020)103 4 NA/NA
M/40
M/23

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, Serum

 ANCA
P-ANCA with PR3-ANCA
GAD-Ab		 N = 3
N = 1

N = 1
Soelberg et al. (2018)104 1 NA/NA

  • MOG-ON

  • CBA, NA

 Anti-Sm antibody (weakly positive)
Cross et al. (2021)105 3 M/39
F/33
M/40

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ATD, psoriasis
Liu et al. (2021)106 2 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 ATD
Psoriasis		 N = 1
N = 1
Cobo-Calvo et al. (2016)107 1 NA/NA

  • MOG-LETM

  • CBA, serum

 MG
Chen et al. (2017)108 1 F/10

  • MOG-ADEM

  • NA, NA

 Hashimoto thyroiditis encephalitis Preceding autoimmune thyroid disease with elevated circulating anti-thyroid Abs, followed by subacute onset of multifocal CNS dysfunction.
Brain MRI showed asymmetric, multifocal regions of T2-W and FLAIR signal hyperintensity in the subcortical white matter, left globus pallidus, thalami, midbrain, left pons, and cerebellum.
Nagahata et al. (2022)109 1 F/63

  • MOG-ON

  • CBA, NA

  • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

  • MPO-ANCA: NA, NA

 Presentation of recurrent poor vision and hearing loss with MRI showing low contrast-enhanced right optic nerve sheath and contrast-enhanced cavernous sinusitis.
Vural et al. (2017)80 2 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • CBA and flowcytometry, NA

 Sjogren's syndrome
Jobling et al. (2019)110 1 M/13

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • NA, NA

 Sjogren's syndrome with positive anti-Ro and anti-La Presentation of TM following a severe upper respiratory system infection. MRI showed a subtle TM of conus medullaris.
Ling et al. (2020)111 1 F/53

  • MOG-ON

  • NA, serum (medium positivity)

 Sjogren's syndrome and positive SSA, ANA, RF Acute ON with MRI finding of mild right optic nerve enhancing lesion and normal brain MRI, 8 years after diagnosis of Sjogren which presented with BON.
Mittal et al. (2021)112 1 F/32

  • MOG-ON

  • N/A, serum

 Sjogren disease with positive ANA, anti-Ro, anti-RNP Left optic neuritis with intraretinal and subretinal hemorrhages. MRI showed T2 hyperintensity and expansion of the left optic nerve and nerve sheath, along with flattening of the globe at the nerve insertion, and contrast enhancement of left optic nerve and sheath on T1.
Stamenova et al. (2021)113 1 F/31

  • MOG-EN

  • N/A, serum

 Crohn's disease treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab) and azathioprine Development of headache, fever, and left-sided focal motor seizures, which progressed to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures during pregnancy. MRI showed bilateral cortical FLAIR-hyperintense lesions.
Philippart et al. (2019)114 1 M/33

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 Crohn's disease treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab) and azathioprine Recurrent myelitis and brainstem syndrome with non-enhancing T2 hyperintense lesion from T4 to T6, and a second T2 hyperintensity at the T2 level. Brain MRI unremarkable.
Luo et al. (2021)115 1 F/26

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 Ankylosing spondylitis treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab) Left ON and TM in postpartum setting, in a patient with AS treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab). T2-W MRI showed high signal intensity within the left optic nerve and the spinal cord from C5 to T2. No lesions were found in the brain.
Lommers et al. (2018)116 1 M/40

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 Pustular psoriasis treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors MRI showed LETM at the bulbo-medullar junction with gadolinium enhancement in first attack, and T2 hyperintense signal in the intra-orbital part of the left optic nerve with a discrete enhancement in second attack.
Takei et al. (2017)117 1 F/18

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 Atopic dermatitis Development of left-side dominant diffuse muscle weakness and numbness with bilateral ankle pseudo clonus along with deterioration of atopic dermatitis, followed by left ON one month later. MRI showed no abnormal lesions except for slight enlargement of the central canal at T7.
Adhikari et al. (2021)118 1 F/26

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

 Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome Progressive bilateral hand tremors, intermittent myoclonus, ataxia, vertigo, and opsoclonus for two weeks in postpartum setting, found to be MOG-IgG positive in the second relapse, four months later. MRI showed non-enhancing right periventricular and left globus pallidus T2 FLAIR hyperintensities in initial presentation, and two new bilateral subcortical hyperintensities, one with postcontrast enhancement in second relapse.
Baptista et al. (2017)119 20 NA/NA

  • High levels of MOG-IgG

  • ELISA, NA

 RA Patients had significantly higher levels of anti-MOG-IgG (5.68 ± 1.34 vs 0.51 ± 0.49 ng/mL), than controls.
Martinez-Hernandez et al. (2015)72 3 M/27
F/27
M/11

  • MOGAD

  • MOG-Ab: CBA, serum and/or CSF

  • GlyRs-Ab

  • CBA, serum, and/or CSF
Hacohen et al. (2016)120 1 NA/NA

  • MOG-EN

  • IF CBA, serum

  • GlyRs-Ab

  • IF CBA, serum
Armangue et al. (2017)121 4 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • NA, serum and/or CSF

  • GlyRs-Ab

  • NA, NA

 Children with acquired demyelinating syndrome with positive MOG-IgG had less frequent periventricular and tectum lesions, but more diffuse cerebellum involvement.
Ding et al. (2020)122 1 M/20

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, serum

  • GFAP astrocytopathy

  • CBA, CSF
Fang et al. (2021)123 4 NA/NA

  • Positive MOG-IgG

  • NA, NA

  • GFAP astrocytopathy

  • CBA, serum, and CSF
Ji et al. (2021)124 1 23/F

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, CSF

  • GFAP astrocytopathy

  • CBA, serum

 Presentation of transient convulsions, a loss of consciousness, persistent fever, and vomiting, misdiagnosed as infectious meningoencephalitis. MRI showed asymmetric lesions of cerebellum, corona radiata, and enhancing white matter lesions.
Zhao et al. (2020)125 1 F/30

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, CSF

  • Anti-GFAP Abs

  • CBA, CSF

 Normal brain and orbital imaging
Martin et al. (2022)126 1 M/53

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, CSF

  • Anti-GFAP Abs

  • CBA, CSF

 Presentation of isolated meningitis and papillitis.
Shimizu et al. (2019)127 10 NA/NA

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, NA

  • GRP78 antibody

  • Western blots

 The rate of GRP78 antibody positivity observed in acute MOG groups (10/15, 66%) was significantly higher than that in the disease control groups (3/27, 11%) or the healthy control groups (0/9, 0%).
Liu et al. (2020)128 1 F/48

  • MOGAD

  • CBA, CSF

  • CASPR2-IgG associated autoimmune encephalitis

  • NA, serum and CSF

 Decreased vision in the right eye and subsequent episodes of neuropsychiatric disturbance including hypersomnia, agitation, apatheia, and memory impairment, with T2 and FLAIR hyperintense multiple lesions scattered in brain, brainstem, and cervical and thoracic spinal cord, with heterogenous patchy or ring-like enhancement in the majority of lesions.
Rauer et al. (2006)129 15 NA/NA

  • Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)

  • Western blot, serum

  • Anti-MBP- Abs

  • Western blot, serum

 There was no increased risk for developing definite MS in CIS patients with positive anti-MOG/MBP antibodies.
Tomassini et al. (2007)130 13 F (N = 11), M (N = 2)
Median age: 27 years (range 25–33)

  • MOGAD

  • Western blot, serum

  • Anti-MBP- Abs

  • Western blot, serum

 Presentation of MOG-IgG-associated ON (N = 4), BS-cerebellar syndrome (N = 3), myelitis (N = 3), and multifocal neurologic deficit (N = 3). Patients with double seropositivity had a higher risk of second relapse compared to seronegative or single seropositive patients.
Rinaldi et al. (2021)131 4 F/30
F/29
M/58
F/31

  • MOGAD

  • Live CBA, serum

  • CASPR2 Ab (Live CBA, serum),

  • NF155 antibody (live CBA, serum),

  • GM1-Ab (ELISA, serum)

 Coexistence of central and peripheral nervous system involvement in MOGAD patients.
Li et al. (2022)132 1 M/33

  • MOG-EN

  • CBA, serum

  • Anti-IgLON5-Ab

  • CBA, serum and CSF

 Presentation of FLAIR hyperintense lesions in MOG-IgG-associated encephalitis and seizures (FLAMES).

Abbreviations: SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; NPSLE: neuro-psychiatric SLE; ANA: anti nuclear antibody; ds-DNA: double-strand DNA; Anti-Sm: Anti-smith; ENA: extractable nuclear antigen antibodies; GABA-A-R: gamma aminobutyric acid receptor; CASPR2: contactin-associated protein-like 2; LGI1: leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1; ATD: autoimmune thyroid disease; RA: rheumatoid arthritis, APS: anti-phospholipid syndrome; RNP: ribonucleoprotein; ANCA: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; ACA: anticardiolipin; B2GP: beta(2) glycoprotein; RF: rheumatoid factor; TPO: thyroid peroxidase antibody; TG: thyroglobulin; TSHR: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor; tTg: tissue transglutaminase; Anti-CL: anti-cardiolipin; PR3: proteinase3; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase-antibody; MG: Myasthenia gravis; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; GlyRs-Ab: Glycine receptor antibody; GRP78: Glucose regulated protein 78; MBP: myelin basic protein; NF155: neurofascin155; GM1: ganglioside epitope.