Table 2.
Independent characteristics associated with post-traumatic stress disorder
| Characteristic | aOR (95% CI)a | P valuea |
|---|---|---|
| Year | <.001b | |
| 2016 | 1 | |
| 2017 | 1.26 (1.19–1.35) | <.001 |
| 2018 | 1.50 (1.41–1.60) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 1.73 (1.63–1.84) | <.001 |
| Race and ethnicity | <.001b | |
| White | 2.57 (2.40–2.74) | <.001 |
| Black | 1.74 (1.61–1.88) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 1 | |
| Asian, Pacific Islanders | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | <.001 |
| Native American | 3.06 (2.55–3.69) | <.001 |
| Others | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) | <.001 |
| Unknown | 1.96 (1.74–2.21) | <.001 |
| Primary expected payer | <.001b | |
| Medicare | 4.30 (3.82–4.84) | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 1 | |
| Private including HMO | 0.46 (0.44–0.49) | <.001 |
| Self-pay | 0.43 (0.35–0.52) | <.001 |
| No charge | — | .974 |
| Others | 1.89 (1.74–2.06) | <.001 |
| Unknown | 2.61 (1.91–3.57) | <.001 |
| Median household income | <.001b | |
| QT1 (lowest) | 1 | |
| QT2 | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | .063 |
| QT3 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | .736 |
| QT4 (highest) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | .011 |
| Unknown | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | .974 |
| Hospital bed capacity | <.001b | |
| Small | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | .050 |
| Medium | 1 | |
| Large | 1.14 (1.08–1.19) | <.001 |
| Hospital location and teaching status | <.001b | |
| Rural | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) | |
| Urban nonteaching | 1 | <.001 |
| Urban teaching | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) | <.001 |
| Hospital region | <.001b | |
| Northeast | 1 | |
| Midwest | 0.73 (0.69–0.79) | <.001 |
| South | 0.53 (0.50–0.56) | <.001 |
| West | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | <.001 |
| Obesity | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.70 (1.61–1.80) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | .039b | |
| No | 1 | |
| Preexisting | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | .105 |
| Gestational | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | .037 |
| Hypertensive disorder | <.001b | |
| No | 1 | |
| Preexisting | 1.54 (1.41–1.68) | <.001 |
| Gestational | 1.26 (1.16–1.36) | <.001 |
| Gestational age (wk) | <.001b | |
| ≥39 | 1 | |
| 37–38 | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | <.001 |
| 34–36 | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | <.001 |
| <34 | 1.47 (1.33–1.62) | <.001 |
| Unknown | 1.44 (1.21–1.72) | <.001 |
| Delivery type | ||
| Vaginal | 1 | |
| Cesarean | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | <.001 |
| Severe maternal morbidityc | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.57 (1.39–1.78) | <.001 |
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; QT, quartile.
a
A binary logistic regression model for multivariable analysis. Conditional step-forward selection with the stopping rule of P<.05. Multicollinearity was assessed in the study covariates
b
Overall P values
c
Included any 1 of the 21 indicators for severe maternal morbidity per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition.
Duval. Association of post-traumatic stress disorder and severe maternal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol Glob Rep 2022.