Table 3.
Dimensions of loneliness.
| Study | Loneliness measures | Study design | Dimensions of loneliness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relational | Intimate | Collective | |||
| Ashbaugh et al. (2017) | NA | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Baldwin & Costley (2016) | NA | Mixed methods | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Bourdeau (2020) | SELSA | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Brooks (2014) | The UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version3 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Caruana et al. (2021) | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Chen et al. (2016) | NA | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Ee et al. (2019) | ULS-8 | Mixed methods | ✓ | ||
| Elmose (2020) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Gantman et al. (2012) | SELSA | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Han et al. (2019) | LiCQ | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Hedley, Uljarević, Foley, et al. (2018) | The UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version3 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Hedley, Uljarević, Wilmot, et al. (2018) | ULS-8 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Hickey et al. (2018) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Hillier et al. (2018) | The UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version3 | Mixed methods | ✓ | ||
| Hull et al. (2017) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Hwang et al. (2017) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Jackson et al. (2018) | 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Jantz (2011) | The UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version3 | Mixed methods | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Levinson (2020) | Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Lin & Huang (2019) | ULS-8 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Mazurek (2013) | ULS-8 | Mixed methods | ✓ | ||
| Mazurek (2014) | ULS-8 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| McVey et al. (2016) | SELSA | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Merkler (2007) | SELSA and Isolation and Affect measure | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Milton & Sims (2016) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Orsmond et al. (2013) | NA | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Russell (2020) | The UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version3 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Schiltz et al. (2020) | SELSA | Quantitative | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Smith & Sharp (2013) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ||
| Southby & Robinson (2018) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ||
| Sundberg (2018) | ULS-8 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| Syu & Lin (2018) | ULS-8 | Quantitative | ✓ | ||
| van der Aa et al. (2016) | Loneliness Scale based on the Revised UCLA loneliness scale | Mixed methods | ✓ | ||
| Van Hees et al. (2015) | NA | Qualitative | ✓ | ||
SELSA: Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults.