Table 1.
EV-mediated communication in progression of chronic liver diseases
| EV source | Recipient cell | Major cargo | Effect | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NASH | |||||
| Hepatocyte | EC, KC | Vanin-1 (surface), miR-1, mtDNA | Angiogenesis, inflammation and atherogensis, KC activation | [52,61,62] | |
| Hepatocyte | Monocyte, macrophage | CXCL-10 (surface), ITGβ1 (surface), TRAIL (surface) | Chemotaxis, adhesion and activation | [58,59,60] | |
| Hepatocyte | qHSC | Vanin-1 (surface), miR-128-3p | Activation | [84] | |
| ALD | |||||
| Hepatocyte | qHSC, KC | mtDNA, miR-27a, miR-181 | Activation | [67] | |
| Hepatocyte | KC | mtdsRNA | IL-1β production | [68] | |
| Monocyte | Monocyte | miR-27a | M2 polarization | [69] | |
| Hepatocyte | Monocyte, macrophage, KC | miR-122, HSP90 (surface), CD40L (surface) | Sensitize monocyte to LPS, macrophage and KC activation | [70,73,74] | |
| IEC | Hepatocyte | Cell death and lipid accumulation | [75] | ||
| Viral hepatitis | |||||
| Hepatocyte | Hepatocyte | HCV core protein, HCV envelope protein (surface), HCV genome, HEV genome | Viral propagation | [76,78] | |
| Hepatocyte | Monocyte | Galectin-9 expression | [80] | ||
| Hepatocyte | qHSC, pDC | Hbx mRNA and protein, HCV genome | Activation | [87,120] | |
| Hepatocyte | Hepatocyte, NK cell, Tfr cell | HBV genome, HBsAg, TGF-β | HBV propagation, NK cell dysfunction, Tfr cell expansion | [77,81] | |
| Liver fibrosis | |||||
| aHSC, LSEC, macrophage | qHSC | PDGFRα (surface), fibronectin (surface), sphingosine kinase 1, miR-103-3p | Activation | [89,90,93] | |
| Hepatocyte, adipocyte | qHSC, hepatocyte | γδ T cell activation, TGF-β pathway dysregulation | [91,92] | ||
| HCC | |||||
| HCC cell | Hepatocyte, HCC cell | MET (surface), caveolins, linc-ROR, miR-21 | Proliferation, metastasis and recurrence | [100,101,102,112] | |
| HCC cell | Monocyte, T cell | LncRNA TUC339, 14-3-3ζ | M2 polarization, T cell exhaustion | [103,104] | |
| HCC cell | EC | miR-155, lncRNA H19, miR-103 | Angiogenesis and adhesion, vascular permeabilization | [106,113,114] | |
| Multidrug-resistant HCC cell | Multidrug-sensitive HCC cell | miR-32-5p | Multidrug resistance | [107] | |
| CRC cell | HCC cell | miR-21, miR-192 | [108] | ||
| Adipocyte | HCC cell | circ-DB | Proliferation and DNA damage protection | [110] | |
| HCC cell | Adipocyte | Inflammation and angiogenesis | [111] | ||
| HCC cell | Lung fibroblast, EC | Nidogen-1 | Pre-metastatic niche formation in the lung | [115] | |
EV, extracellular vesicle; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; EC, endothelial cell; KC, Kupffer cell; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; ITG, integrin; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; qHSC, quiescent hepatic stellate cell; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; mtdsRNA, mitochondrial double-stranded RNA; IL, interleukin; HSP, heat shock protein; CD40L, cluster of differentiation 40 ligand; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; NK, natural killer; Tfr, T follicular regulatory; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; TGF, transforming growth factor; aHSC, activated hepatic stellate cell; LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Linc-ROR, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming; LncRNA, long non-coding RNA; CRC, colorectal cancer; circ-DB, circular RNA-deubiquitination; ECM, extracellular matrix.