Table 2.
EV-mediated communication in regression of chronic liver diseases
| EV source | Recipient cell | Major cargo | Effect | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NASH | |||||
| Neutrophil | Hepatocyte | APOE (surface), miR-223 | Decrease expression of inflammatory, lipogenic and fibrogenic genes | [118] | |
| Viral hepatitis | |||||
| Macrophage, LSEC, KC | Hepatocyte | Anti-HBV molecules (e.g., APOBEC3G, miR-638) | Transmit IFN-α-mediated antiviral activity | [120] | |
| CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell | aHSC | CD11a (surface) | Antifibrogenic responses | [122] | |
| Liver fibrosis | |||||
| qHSC, hepatocyte | aHSC | Twist1 | Antifibrogenic responses | [121] | |
| HCC | |||||
| HCC cell | DC | AFP, glypican 3 (surface), HSP70 (surface) | T cell responses | [123] | |
| AFP-expressing DC | T cell | T cell responses | [124] | ||
| Drug-treated HCC cell | NK cell | HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 (surface) | NK cell cytotoxicity | [125] | |
EV, extracellular vesicle; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; APOE, apolipoprotein E; LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; KC, Kupffer cell; HBV, hepatitis B virus; APOBEC3G, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G; IFN, interferon; aHSC, activated hepatic stellate cell; qHSC, quiescent hepatic stellate cell; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; DC, dendritic cell; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HSP, heat shock protein; NK, natural killer.